WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

points out that metates were probably used for more purposes than grinding com, and they are not always found in all areas In -which corn was grown# It is not safe to state the presenoe of corn on the basis of metates alone (Woodbury 195*M 60). Dlstri"taution,, Metates have been found in virtually every site in the prehistoric Southwest; a complete list wouild take many pages. It Is clear that flat-slab metates are late In date and are a northern Pueblo type, although they do not appear In the Chaco (Judd 195^: 136). The troughed metate has a long history, starting at least by 500, and its intro duction to the Sinagua seems to have taken place after 600-700. During the late Pueblo II period In the Flagstaff region, Mc.Gregor (1936: 36) indicates that both full-troughed and single-troughed metates were found, full-troughed being the most common. Bartlett- (193*** 5-H) however, notes only full-troughed specimens for the same period. At Winona and Ridge ruins, full-troughed metates were the common variety, although a few flat-slab and single-troughed specimens were also found (Mc.Gregor 19*KL; 168-170). At the Piper Site, only full-troughed metates were reported (Bliss 1956: 122), while at Nalakihu, King (19^9: 8*0 found six full-troughed and three flat-slab metates, and at the Big Hawk Valley sites, Smith (1952a: 112) notes nine full-troughed metates, nine single-troughed metates, and four flat-slab metates. Thus 69
oth full and single-troughed types were found at all four sites* Smith again emphasizes the remarks of Bartlett and Woodbury that the flat-slab tool is an Anasazi invention, while the full-troughed metate seemsto have been earliest and most common in the Hohokam area (Smith 1952a: 117 )• At Cohonina sites, metates were full-troughed, or approached the Utah shelf type (Colton 1946s 283 j Mc.Gregor 1952: 88-91). Finally, in Sinagua sites of the Verde Valley, from 800 on only full-troughed metates are known (Bretemitz 1960s 22-25)« This is perhaps directly related to the early, post-700, Hohokam settlement of this area. 70 On the other hand, the Anasazi area to the north is characterized by one-end closed-trough metates, although their popularity diminished after 900 (Martin et al. 1952: 111; Woodbury 195^: 58). This is virtually the only type in Chaco Canyon (Judd 1959: 136). The Hohokam area has only full- troughed metates or basin metates (Haury 1950: 305)» and Hayden states that the full-troughed metate with an unworked exterior and deep concave trough is probably of Salado origin. Troughs with well-worked, narrow, parallel sides he believes to be of Hohokam origin (Hayden 1957: 13^)* At any rate, none of these type distributions are absolute. At the Tres Alamos Site there seem to have been Anasazi one-end closed-trough metates (Tuthill 194-7, PI. 30), while at Alkalai Ridge, Be 51, Lowry Ruin, and Pecos Pueblo, full-troughed metates occurred (Brew 194-6, PI. 1^7 cf
Page 1 and 2:
This dissertation has been 64-4280
Page 4:
WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
Page 7 and 8:
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
Page 9 and 10:
a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
Page 11 and 12:
advice and information. The girls i
Page 13 and 14:
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
Page 15 and 16:
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
Page 17 and 18:
TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
Page 19 and 20:
•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
Page 23 and 24:
1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
Page 25 and 26:
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
Page 27 and 28:
ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
Page 29 and 30:
} found are obviously Mesoamerican
Page 32 and 33:
INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
Page 34 and 35:
1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
Page 36 and 37:
Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
Page 38 and 39:
the ecologically influenced cultura
Page 40:
at the peak of Its population. It o
Page 43 and 44:
iss-r^.r-: _
Page 45 and 46:
hundred yards to the southwest of W
Page 47 and 48:
minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
Page 49 and 50:
growing much nearer the ruin than a
Page 51 and 52:
Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
Page 53 and 54:
Settlement Patterns The location of
Page 56:
Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
Page 61 and 62:
ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
Page 63 and 64:
Col. James Stephensen made addition
Page 68:
Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
Page 71: I I
Page 74 and 75: In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
Page 76 and 77: National Park Service, collecting h
Page 78 and 79: There are two recent generalized, s
Page 80 and 81: the ruin. These are listed as misce
Page 82 and 83: of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
Page 84 and 85: states that the southern section is
Page 86 and 87: In the middle of the sequence (1125
Page 88: (Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
Page 91 and 92: DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
Page 93 and 94: 1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Page 95 and 96: Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
Page 99 and 100: and about 11 were extended. At leas
Page 104: Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
Page 107 and 108: oephalio, or round headed* The one
Page 111 and 112: Burial offerings The "burials often
Page 113 and 114: clan* This is perhaps substantiated
Page 115 and 116: STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
Page 118: stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
Page 121: were found propped on rocks, and in
Page 126: Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
Page 130 and 131: Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
Page 132: the pebbles themselves being about
Page 136 and 137: lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
Page 138 and 139: stone "bowls also appear more frequ
Page 140: Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
Page 144: gular basalt examples are "bifacial
Page 148 and 149: pressure applied on one side and ed
Page 150 and 151: manos are early In several areas (W
Page 152 and 153: manos were always common In the Ana
Page 154: Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
Page 158 and 159: from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
Page 160 and 161: Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
Page 162: Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
Page 166 and 167: grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
Page 168: Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
Page 171 and 172: 102 with a groove across their widt
Page 173 and 174:
than "basalt). Since all are made o
Page 175 and 176:
meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
Page 178 and 179:
Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
Page 180 and 181:
109 Measurements: widths of the axe
Page 182 and 183:
Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
Page 184:
Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
Page 187 and 188:
11^
Page 189 and 190:
The stone cylinder may have served
Page 191 and 192:
118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
Page 193 and 194:
as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
Page 196 and 197:
i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
Page 198:
FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
Page 201 and 202:
12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
Page 203 and 204:
knives are each of different shape
Page 205 and 206:
| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
Page 207 and 208:
— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
Page 209 and 210:
f f
Page 211 and 212:
I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
Page 214 and 215:
133
Page 216 and 217:
Coition list, which would be design
Page 218 and 219:
Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
Page 220 and 221:
and concave based lanceolate point
Page 222 and 223:
141 conclusions In summarizing the
Page 224 and 225:
Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
Page 226 and 227:
went through this pattern of change
Page 228:
Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
Page 232 and 233:
149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
Page 234:
Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
Page 237 and 238:
Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
Page 239 and 240:
In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
Page 241 and 242:
156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
Page 244 and 245:
Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
Page 246 and 247:
Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
Page 248:
Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
Page 251 and 252:
162
Page 253 and 254:
(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
Page 256 and 257:
«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
Page 258 and 259:
had a hole drilled down one side, t
Page 260 and 261:
. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
Page 262 and 263:
171 at the edges® The beveling hel
Page 264 and 265:
took over 16 months to make? and si
Page 266 and 267:
F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
Page 268 and 269:
Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
Page 270 and 271:
example being 'those specimens foun
Page 272 and 273:
181 and they probably date at 1050-
Page 274 and 275:
183 area are also to "be expected.
Page 276 and 277:
185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
Page 278 and 279:
have been efficient as a hammerston
Page 280 and 281:
Large stone balls, possibly more co
Page 282 and 283:
along with slabs of sandstone and p
Page 284 and 285:
turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
Page 286 and 287:
The Wupatki manos are again of a va
Page 288 and 289:
full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
Page 290 and 291:
199 Most of these traits later were
Page 292 and 293:
serrated points, mosaic work, and l
Page 294:
METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
Page 297 and 298:
20k
Page 299 and 300:
studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
Page 301 and 302:
208 of a child "burial. Six other b
Page 303 and 304:
CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
Page 306 and 307:
Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
Page 308:
Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
Page 312 and 313:
Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
Page 314 and 315:
are common, and bands of alternate
Page 316 and 317:
Description: coiled, fired in a red
Page 318 and 319:
Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
Page 320 and 321:
ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
Page 322:
Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
Page 325 and 326:
Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
Page 327 and 328:
Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
Page 329 and 330:
edware types are very similar to Mo
Page 331 and 332:
Considering the ceramic artifacts,
Page 334 and 335:
Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
Page 336 and 337:
233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
Page 338 and 339:
pierced, nearly one-half of these f
Page 340:
top and back. The two longer sides
Page 343 and 344:
238
Page 345 and 346:
Decorated. One crude globular Flags
Page 347 and 348:
242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
Page 349 and 350:
Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
Page 351 and 352:
Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
Page 353 and 354:
animal figurines in their oorrals a
Page 355 and 356:
84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
Page 357 and 358:
Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
Page 359 and 360:
25^ In total, then, there are objec
Page 361 and 362:
shafts. The second area of conelder
Page 363 and 364:
they were no doubt often broken and
Page 366 and 367:
Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
Page 368 and 369:
Pi. They are common and widespread
Page 370 and 371:
Distribution- This general and amor
Page 372 and 373:
265 from the top of the head into t
Page 374 and 375:
Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
Page 376 and 377:
and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
Page 378:
Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
Page 381 and 382:
and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
Page 383 and 384:
Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
Page 385 and 386:
272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
Page 388 and 389:
Ji h f j k I m n
Page 390:
in their publications, although the
Page 393 and 394:
-: V - "
Page 395 and 396:
(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
Page 397 and 398:
280 The third tool, possibly made f
Page 399 and 400:
Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
Page 401 and 402:
• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
Page 403 and 404:
Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
Page 406 and 407:
287
Page 408 and 409:
antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
Page 410 and 411:
291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
Page 412 and 413:
undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
Page 414 and 415:
295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
Page 416 and 417:
1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
Page 418 and 419:
19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
Page 420 and 421:
particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
Page 422 and 423:
work-rooms, for they had many of th
Page 424 and 425:
SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
Page 426 and 427:
Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
Page 428:
Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
Page 431 and 432:
310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
Page 433 and 434:
cut from the hinge area of one of t
Page 435 and 436:
Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
Page 437 and 438:
ground) are generally later in time
Page 439 and 440:
the same color range as the Wupatki
Page 441 and 442:
320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
Page 444 and 445:
Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
Page 446 and 447:
This was probably equally true in t
Page 448 and 449:
325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
Page 450 and 451:
327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
Page 452:
At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
Page 455 and 456:
330
Page 457 and 458:
332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
Page 459 and 460:
ground and drilled so as to provide
Page 461 and 462:
336 In particular, thin bracelets w
Page 463 and 464:
338 Thick and thin varieties were f
Page 466 and 467:
Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
Page 468 and 469:
Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
Page 470 and 471:
Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
Page 472 and 473:
lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
Page 474 and 475:
Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
Page 476 and 477:
(Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479:
351 rarely in sites of other areas.
Page 480 and 481:
WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
Page 482:
Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
Page 485 and 486:
356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488:
358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
Page 490:
Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
Page 493 and 494:
362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
Page 495 and 496:
the Wupatki "battens are a more app
Page 497 and 498:
366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
Page 499 and 500:
368 started, "but the wood had been
Page 502 and 503:
369
Page 504 and 505:
The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
Page 506:
Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
Page 510 and 511:
these foreshafts may have once been
Page 512 and 513:
3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
Page 514 and 515:
379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
Page 516 and 517:
Distribution.. Two specimens from T
Page 518:
Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
Page 521 and 522:
Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
Page 524:
Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
Page 527 and 528:
Sinagua, In turn, may have passed s
Page 529 and 530:
"Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
Page 531 and 532:
esemble the broken fragments, and t
Page 533 and 534:
39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
Page 535 and 536:
396 very similar to each other, and
Page 538 and 539:
397
Page 540 and 541:
Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
Page 542 and 543:
1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
Page 544 and 545:
Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
Page 546 and 547:
Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
Page 548 and 549:
included are "battenst several type
Page 550 and 551:
PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
Page 552:
Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
Page 556 and 557:
**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
Page 558:
plaiting pattern, or interval, and
Page 561 and 562:
klS
Page 563 and 564:
and was particularly important in t
Page 565 and 566:
Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
Page 567 and 568:
*1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
Page 571 and 572:
Over-two Under-two Several fragment
Page 573 and 574:
1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
Page 575 and 576:
*3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
Page 579 and 580:
^30 the type called by Martin et al
Page 581 and 582:
A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
Page 583 and 584:
ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
Page 586 and 587:
Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
Page 588 and 589:
^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
Page 590 and 591:
1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
Page 592 and 593:
the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
Page 594:
Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
Page 597 and 598:
im from Wupatki. They are formed of
Page 599 and 600:
obes. A raised design of rectangula
Page 601 and 602:
fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
Page 605 and 606:
i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
Page 607 and 608:
k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
Page 609 and 610:
Southwest, and. was an Important tr
Page 611 and 612:
. Three double strands (dyed brown
Page 613 and 614:
types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
Page 615 and 616:
^60 pieces are generally woven in n
Page 617 and 618:
Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
Page 619 and 620:
A longstanding and popular Anasazi
Page 621 and 622:
carried into the Hopi region (Kent
Page 623 and 624:
468 date palm, probably native to n
Page 625 and 626:
470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
Page 627 and 628:
group probably acquired an apprecia
Page 629 and 630:
A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
Page 631 and 632:
TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
Page 633 and 634:
^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
Page 635 and 636:
and relatives, explaining the divis
Page 637 and 638:
TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
Page 639 and 640:
484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
Page 641 and 642:
kQ6 The table includes religious tr
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
Page 645 and 646:
490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
Page 647 and 648:
In conclusion* the artifacts indica
Page 649 and 650:
k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
Page 652:
Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
Page 656 and 657:
I6ir
Page 658:
Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
Page 664:
Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
Page 669 and 670:
502
Page 671 and 672:
found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
Page 674 and 675:
Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
Page 676:
Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
Page 681 and 682:
508
Page 684 and 685:
6o£
Page 686 and 687:
were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
Page 688 and 689:
possible loom holes, ladder base, a
Page 690 and 691:
It and kept It in repair* Haury and
Page 692 and 693:
51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
Page 694:
Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
Page 697 and 698:
the center of the floor of the two
Page 699 and 700:
Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
Page 702 and 703:
523
Page 704 and 705:
525 been variable and complex® How
Page 706 and 707:
527 The emphasis on agriculture and
Page 708 and 709:
529 which occurred under Anasazi in
Page 710 and 711:
vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
Page 712 and 713:
some of the rooms of the site. In s
Page 714 and 715:
535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
Page 716 and 717:
However, the transitional nature of
Page 718 and 719:
After 1050-1100, following the Meso
Page 720 and 721:
in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
Page 722 and 723:
5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
Page 724 and 725:
Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
Page 726 and 727:
Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
Page 728 and 729:
5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
Page 730 and 731:
Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
Page 732 and 733:
Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
Page 734 and 735:
. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
Page 736 and 737:
557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
Page 738 and 739:
Howell, David National Museum• Pr
Page 740 and 741:
Southwestern Monuments Association.
Page 742 and 743:
Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
Page 744 and 745:
565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
Page 748 and 749:
Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
Page 752 and 753:
Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
Page 754 and 755:
Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
Page 756 and 757:
577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
Page 759 and 760:
82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
Page 764:
N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK
show all

WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?