WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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are common (Mc.Gregor 19*1-1# Fig* 65» 1951» Fig. 35) • 129 the Hohokam-influenced Piper Site (Bliss 1956* 118f Fig- 89), there seem to "be core-scrapers, and possibly small disc side-scrapers * In total, too small a sample of chipped stone material is illustrated or reported in the literature of the pre historic Southwest on which to base any firm conclusions. Arrow and Dart-points Small Arrow-points. The small points are classified by using a modified version of M.Gregor's point typology (19^1: 183-88), and those additions to It suggested by Colton (19*1-6: 289-90). The classification is based upon the following criteria% in order of importance: over-all shape, base notching, shape of base, and treatment of sides. All of these small, light, thin arrow-points are carefully chipped from small flakes, and are re-worked by pressure flaking. All are generally triangular and are under 4-.6 cm. in length, and 2.0 cm. in width, and all but type N are under 5 mm. in thickness, averaging about 3 mm. Triangular IXn-notched points Type A—Straight base, smooth straight sides (Fig. 25 a-b)| similar to Mc.Gregor's types B and D, lumped because there is little difference between these types except for size* which is variable.
— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMENTS <strong>AND</strong> MATERIALS OF SMALL ARROW-PO<strong>IN</strong>TS Wupatki Mc. Greg • Type Type Tot. Measurements Materials A BfD 61 1.9 x 4.3 0.9 X Max. Mln. Ave. Obs. Che. Chal. Jas» Pet.Wd. H r O C 1.2 x 2.7 37 15 5 4 - B C 2 0.7 x 1.8 0.7 X 1.8 1 - - - 1 c P,CJ,H 29 1.5 x 4.6 0.9 X 1.7 1.2 x 2.8 7 15 2 4 1 D Q 7 1.4 x 3.4 0.9 X 1.7 1.0 x 2.7 7 - - - - E E . 7 2.0 x 2.9 1.4 X 2.3 1.6 x 2.4 2 4 - 1 - P J,L 9 1.2 x 2.7. 0.7 X 1.5 o • . vO M 2.2 4 3 2 - G 0,F 7 1.4 x 3.5 0.7 X 1.6 1.1 X 2.5 7 - mm - - H I 11 2.0 x 3«2 0.9 X 1.7 1.1 X 2.1 6 4 - 1 : - I M 7 1.2 x 2.9 1.0 X 1.7 1.1 X 2.5 1 5 1 - J N 24 1.6 x 4.1 1.1 X 1.8 1.3 x 2.8 4 16 3 1 - K K 2 1.1 x 1.7 0.6 X 1.3 2 - - - - L R 5 2.0 x 4.0 1.8 X 0 0 1.9 x 3.9 2 1 1 1 • M T,U 2 1.3 x 2.0 1.2 X 1.7 2 - - - - N V 1 1.5 x 2.0 1 — mm — _ Totals: 174 83 63 14 12 2 M VjJ o .
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This dissertation has been 64-4280
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WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
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a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
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advice and information. The girls i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
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•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
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1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
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ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
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} found are obviously Mesoamerican
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INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
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1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
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Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
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the ecologically influenced cultura
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at the peak of Its population. It o
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iss-r^.r-: _
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hundred yards to the southwest of W
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minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
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growing much nearer the ruin than a
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Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
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Settlement Patterns The location of
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Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
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ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
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Col. James Stephensen made addition
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Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
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I I
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In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
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National Park Service, collecting h
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There are two recent generalized, s
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the ruin. These are listed as misce
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of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
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states that the southern section is
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In the middle of the sequence (1125
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(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
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DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
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1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
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TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
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and about 11 were extended. At leas
Page 104:
Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
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oephalio, or round headed* The one
Page 111 and 112:
Burial offerings The "burials often
Page 113 and 114:
clan* This is perhaps substantiated
Page 115 and 116:
STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
Page 118:
stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
Page 121 and 122:
were found propped on rocks, and in
Page 123 and 124:
oth full and single-troughed types
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Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
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Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
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the pebbles themselves being about
Page 136 and 137:
lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
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stone "bowls also appear more frequ
Page 140:
Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
Page 144:
gular basalt examples are "bifacial
Page 148 and 149:
pressure applied on one side and ed
Page 150 and 151:
manos are early In several areas (W
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manos were always common In the Ana
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Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
Page 158 and 159: from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
Page 160 and 161: Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
Page 162: Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
Page 166 and 167: grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
Page 168: Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
Page 171 and 172: 102 with a groove across their widt
Page 173 and 174: than "basalt). Since all are made o
Page 175 and 176: meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
Page 178 and 179: Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
Page 180 and 181: 109 Measurements: widths of the axe
Page 182 and 183: Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
Page 184: Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
Page 187 and 188: 11^
Page 189 and 190: The stone cylinder may have served
Page 191 and 192: 118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
Page 193 and 194: as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
Page 196 and 197: i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
Page 198: FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
Page 201 and 202: 12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
Page 203 and 204: knives are each of different shape
Page 205: | and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
Page 209 and 210: f f
Page 211 and 212: I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
Page 214 and 215: 133
Page 216 and 217: Coition list, which would be design
Page 218 and 219: Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
Page 220 and 221: and concave based lanceolate point
Page 222 and 223: 141 conclusions In summarizing the
Page 224 and 225: Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
Page 226 and 227: went through this pattern of change
Page 228: Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
Page 232 and 233: 149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
Page 234: Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
Page 237 and 238: Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
Page 239 and 240: In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
Page 241 and 242: 156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
Page 244 and 245: Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
Page 246 and 247: Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
Page 248: Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
Page 251 and 252: 162
Page 253 and 254: (6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
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«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
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had a hole drilled down one side, t
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. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
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171 at the edges® The beveling hel
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took over 16 months to make? and si
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F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
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Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
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example being 'those specimens foun
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181 and they probably date at 1050-
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183 area are also to "be expected.
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185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
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have been efficient as a hammerston
Page 280 and 281:
Large stone balls, possibly more co
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along with slabs of sandstone and p
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turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
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The Wupatki manos are again of a va
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full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
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199 Most of these traits later were
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serrated points, mosaic work, and l
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METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
Page 297 and 298:
20k
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studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
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208 of a child "burial. Six other b
Page 303 and 304:
CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
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Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
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Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
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Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
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are common, and bands of alternate
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Description: coiled, fired in a red
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Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
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ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
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Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
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Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
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Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
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edware types are very similar to Mo
Page 331 and 332:
Considering the ceramic artifacts,
Page 334 and 335:
Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
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233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
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pierced, nearly one-half of these f
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top and back. The two longer sides
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238
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Decorated. One crude globular Flags
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242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
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Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
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Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
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animal figurines in their oorrals a
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84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
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Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
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25^ In total, then, there are objec
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shafts. The second area of conelder
Page 363 and 364:
they were no doubt often broken and
Page 366 and 367:
Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
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Pi. They are common and widespread
Page 370 and 371:
Distribution- This general and amor
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265 from the top of the head into t
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Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
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and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
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Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
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and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
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Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
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272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
Page 388 and 389:
Ji h f j k I m n
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in their publications, although the
Page 393 and 394:
-: V - "
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(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
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280 The third tool, possibly made f
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Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
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• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
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Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
Page 406 and 407:
287
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antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
Page 410 and 411:
291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
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undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
Page 414 and 415:
295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
Page 416 and 417:
1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
Page 418 and 419:
19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
Page 420 and 421:
particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
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work-rooms, for they had many of th
Page 424 and 425:
SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
Page 426 and 427:
Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
Page 428:
Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
Page 431 and 432:
310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
Page 433 and 434:
cut from the hinge area of one of t
Page 435 and 436:
Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
Page 437 and 438:
ground) are generally later in time
Page 439 and 440:
the same color range as the Wupatki
Page 441 and 442:
320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
Page 444 and 445:
Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
Page 446 and 447:
This was probably equally true in t
Page 448 and 449:
325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
Page 450 and 451:
327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
Page 452:
At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
Page 455 and 456:
330
Page 457 and 458:
332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
Page 459 and 460:
ground and drilled so as to provide
Page 461 and 462:
336 In particular, thin bracelets w
Page 463 and 464:
338 Thick and thin varieties were f
Page 466 and 467:
Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
Page 468 and 469:
Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
Page 470 and 471:
Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
Page 472 and 473:
lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
Page 474 and 475:
Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
Page 476 and 477:
(Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479:
351 rarely in sites of other areas.
Page 480 and 481:
WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
Page 482:
Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
Page 485 and 486:
356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488:
358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
Page 490:
Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
Page 493 and 494:
362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
Page 495 and 496:
the Wupatki "battens are a more app
Page 497 and 498:
366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
Page 499 and 500:
368 started, "but the wood had been
Page 502 and 503:
369
Page 504 and 505:
The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
Page 506:
Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
Page 510 and 511:
these foreshafts may have once been
Page 512 and 513:
3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
Page 514 and 515:
379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
Page 516 and 517:
Distribution.. Two specimens from T
Page 518:
Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
Page 521 and 522:
Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
Page 524:
Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
Page 527 and 528:
Sinagua, In turn, may have passed s
Page 529 and 530:
"Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
Page 531 and 532:
esemble the broken fragments, and t
Page 533 and 534:
39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
Page 535 and 536:
396 very similar to each other, and
Page 538 and 539:
397
Page 540 and 541:
Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
Page 542 and 543:
1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
Page 544 and 545:
Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
Page 546 and 547:
Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
Page 548 and 549:
included are "battenst several type
Page 550 and 551:
PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
Page 552:
Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
Page 556 and 557:
**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
Page 558:
plaiting pattern, or interval, and
Page 561 and 562:
klS
Page 563 and 564:
and was particularly important in t
Page 565 and 566:
Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
Page 567 and 568:
*1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
Page 571 and 572:
Over-two Under-two Several fragment
Page 573 and 574:
1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
Page 575 and 576:
*3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
Page 579 and 580:
^30 the type called by Martin et al
Page 581 and 582:
A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
Page 583 and 584:
ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
Page 586 and 587:
Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
Page 588 and 589:
^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
Page 590 and 591:
1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
Page 592 and 593:
the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
Page 594:
Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
Page 597 and 598:
im from Wupatki. They are formed of
Page 599 and 600:
obes. A raised design of rectangula
Page 601 and 602:
fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
Page 605 and 606:
i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
Page 607 and 608:
k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
Page 609 and 610:
Southwest, and. was an Important tr
Page 611 and 612:
. Three double strands (dyed brown
Page 613 and 614:
types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
Page 615 and 616:
^60 pieces are generally woven in n
Page 617 and 618:
Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
Page 619 and 620:
A longstanding and popular Anasazi
Page 621 and 622:
carried into the Hopi region (Kent
Page 623 and 624:
468 date palm, probably native to n
Page 625 and 626:
470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
Page 627 and 628:
group probably acquired an apprecia
Page 629 and 630:
A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
Page 631 and 632:
TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
Page 633 and 634:
^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
Page 635 and 636:
and relatives, explaining the divis
Page 637 and 638:
TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
Page 639 and 640:
484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
Page 641 and 642:
kQ6 The table includes religious tr
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
Page 645 and 646:
490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
Page 647 and 648:
In conclusion* the artifacts indica
Page 649 and 650:
k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
Page 652:
Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
Page 656 and 657:
I6ir
Page 658:
Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
Page 664:
Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
Page 669 and 670:
502
Page 671 and 672:
found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
Page 674 and 675:
Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
Page 676:
Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
Page 681 and 682:
508
Page 684 and 685:
6o£
Page 686 and 687:
were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
Page 688 and 689:
possible loom holes, ladder base, a
Page 690 and 691:
It and kept It in repair* Haury and
Page 692 and 693:
51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
Page 694:
Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
Page 697 and 698:
the center of the floor of the two
Page 699 and 700:
Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
Page 702 and 703:
523
Page 704 and 705:
525 been variable and complex® How
Page 706 and 707:
527 The emphasis on agriculture and
Page 708 and 709:
529 which occurred under Anasazi in
Page 710 and 711:
vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
Page 712 and 713:
some of the rooms of the site. In s
Page 714 and 715:
535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
Page 716 and 717:
However, the transitional nature of
Page 718 and 719:
After 1050-1100, following the Meso
Page 720 and 721:
in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
Page 722 and 723:
5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
Page 724 and 725:
Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
Page 726 and 727:
Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
Page 728 and 729:
5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
Page 730 and 731:
Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
Page 732 and 733:
Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
Page 734 and 735:
. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
Page 736 and 737:
557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
Page 738 and 739:
Howell, David National Museum• Pr
Page 740 and 741:
Southwestern Monuments Association.
Page 742 and 743:
Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
Page 744 and 745:
565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
Page 748 and 749:
Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
Page 752 and 753:
Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
Page 754 and 755:
Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
Page 756 and 757:
577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
Page 759 and 760:
82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
Page 764:
N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK
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