WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fired ladle handle; b, h9 m, n, u, corrugated sherd discs; c, d, ±t If redware sherd discs; e^, £, r, s^, w, black-on- white sherd discs; gm9 v, black-on-red sherd discs; o.t i, polychrome sherd discs; f. 9 k, sherd pottery scrapers; t_, pierced nipple-ended Sunset Red bowl. Diameter of t, 801 cm.
232
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This dissertation has been 64-4280
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WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
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a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
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advice and information. The girls i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
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•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
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1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
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ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
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} found are obviously Mesoamerican
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INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
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1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
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Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
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the ecologically influenced cultura
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at the peak of Its population. It o
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iss-r^.r-: _
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hundred yards to the southwest of W
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minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
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growing much nearer the ruin than a
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Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
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Settlement Patterns The location of
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Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
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ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
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Col. James Stephensen made addition
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Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
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I I
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In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
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National Park Service, collecting h
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There are two recent generalized, s
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the ruin. These are listed as misce
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of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
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states that the southern section is
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In the middle of the sequence (1125
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(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
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DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
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1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
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TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
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and about 11 were extended. At leas
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Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
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oephalio, or round headed* The one
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Burial offerings The "burials often
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clan* This is perhaps substantiated
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STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
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stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
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were found propped on rocks, and in
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oth full and single-troughed types
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Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
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Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
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the pebbles themselves being about
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lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
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stone "bowls also appear more frequ
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Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
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gular basalt examples are "bifacial
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pressure applied on one side and ed
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manos are early In several areas (W
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manos were always common In the Ana
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Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
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from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
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Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
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Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
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grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
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Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
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102 with a groove across their widt
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than "basalt). Since all are made o
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meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
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Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
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109 Measurements: widths of the axe
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Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
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Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
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11^
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The stone cylinder may have served
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118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
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as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
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i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
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FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
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12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
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knives are each of different shape
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| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
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— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
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f f
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I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
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133
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Coition list, which would be design
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Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
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and concave based lanceolate point
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141 conclusions In summarizing the
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Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
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went through this pattern of change
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Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
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149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
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Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
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Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
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In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
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156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
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Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
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Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
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Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
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162
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(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
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«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
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had a hole drilled down one side, t
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. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
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171 at the edges® The beveling hel
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took over 16 months to make? and si
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F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
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Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
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example being 'those specimens foun
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181 and they probably date at 1050-
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183 area are also to "be expected.
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185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
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have been efficient as a hammerston
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Large stone balls, possibly more co
Page 282 and 283: along with slabs of sandstone and p
Page 284 and 285: turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
Page 286 and 287: The Wupatki manos are again of a va
Page 288 and 289: full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
Page 290 and 291: 199 Most of these traits later were
Page 292 and 293: serrated points, mosaic work, and l
Page 294: METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
Page 297 and 298: 20k
Page 299 and 300: studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
Page 301 and 302: 208 of a child "burial. Six other b
Page 303 and 304: CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
Page 306 and 307: Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
Page 308: Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
Page 312 and 313: Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
Page 314 and 315: are common, and bands of alternate
Page 316 and 317: Description: coiled, fired in a red
Page 318 and 319: Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
Page 320 and 321: ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
Page 322: Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
Page 325 and 326: Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
Page 327 and 328: Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
Page 329 and 330: edware types are very similar to Mo
Page 331 and 332: Considering the ceramic artifacts,
Page 336 and 337: 233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
Page 338 and 339: pierced, nearly one-half of these f
Page 340: top and back. The two longer sides
Page 343 and 344: 238
Page 345 and 346: Decorated. One crude globular Flags
Page 347 and 348: 242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
Page 349 and 350: Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
Page 351 and 352: Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
Page 353 and 354: animal figurines in their oorrals a
Page 355 and 356: 84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
Page 357 and 358: Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
Page 359 and 360: 25^ In total, then, there are objec
Page 361 and 362: shafts. The second area of conelder
Page 363 and 364: they were no doubt often broken and
Page 366 and 367: Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
Page 368 and 369: Pi. They are common and widespread
Page 370 and 371: Distribution- This general and amor
Page 372 and 373: 265 from the top of the head into t
Page 374 and 375: Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
Page 376 and 377: and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
Page 378: Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
Page 381 and 382: and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
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Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
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272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
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Ji h f j k I m n
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in their publications, although the
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-: V - "
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(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
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280 The third tool, possibly made f
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Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
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• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
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Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
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287
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antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
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291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
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undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
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295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
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1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
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19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
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particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
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work-rooms, for they had many of th
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SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
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Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
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Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
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310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
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cut from the hinge area of one of t
Page 435 and 436:
Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
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ground) are generally later in time
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the same color range as the Wupatki
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320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
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Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
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This was probably equally true in t
Page 448 and 449:
325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
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327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
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At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
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330
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332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
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ground and drilled so as to provide
Page 461 and 462:
336 In particular, thin bracelets w
Page 463 and 464:
338 Thick and thin varieties were f
Page 466 and 467:
Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
Page 468 and 469:
Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
Page 470 and 471:
Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
Page 472 and 473:
lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
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Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
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(Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479:
351 rarely in sites of other areas.
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WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
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Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
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356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488:
358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
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Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
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362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
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the Wupatki "battens are a more app
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366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
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368 started, "but the wood had been
Page 502 and 503:
369
Page 504 and 505:
The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
Page 506:
Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
Page 510 and 511:
these foreshafts may have once been
Page 512 and 513:
3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
Page 514 and 515:
379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
Page 516 and 517:
Distribution.. Two specimens from T
Page 518:
Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
Page 521 and 522:
Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
Page 524:
Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
Page 527 and 528:
Sinagua, In turn, may have passed s
Page 529 and 530:
"Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
Page 531 and 532:
esemble the broken fragments, and t
Page 533 and 534:
39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
Page 535 and 536:
396 very similar to each other, and
Page 538 and 539:
397
Page 540 and 541:
Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
Page 542 and 543:
1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
Page 544 and 545:
Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
Page 546 and 547:
Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
Page 548 and 549:
included are "battenst several type
Page 550 and 551:
PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
Page 552:
Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
Page 556 and 557:
**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
Page 558:
plaiting pattern, or interval, and
Page 561 and 562:
klS
Page 563 and 564:
and was particularly important in t
Page 565 and 566:
Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
Page 567 and 568:
*1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
Page 571 and 572:
Over-two Under-two Several fragment
Page 573 and 574:
1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
Page 575 and 576:
*3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
Page 579 and 580:
^30 the type called by Martin et al
Page 581 and 582:
A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
Page 583 and 584:
ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
Page 586 and 587:
Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
Page 588 and 589:
^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
Page 590 and 591:
1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
Page 592 and 593:
the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
Page 594:
Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
Page 597 and 598:
im from Wupatki. They are formed of
Page 599 and 600:
obes. A raised design of rectangula
Page 601 and 602:
fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
Page 605 and 606:
i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
Page 607 and 608:
k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
Page 609 and 610:
Southwest, and. was an Important tr
Page 611 and 612:
. Three double strands (dyed brown
Page 613 and 614:
types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
Page 615 and 616:
^60 pieces are generally woven in n
Page 617 and 618:
Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
Page 619 and 620:
A longstanding and popular Anasazi
Page 621 and 622:
carried into the Hopi region (Kent
Page 623 and 624:
468 date palm, probably native to n
Page 625 and 626:
470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
Page 627 and 628:
group probably acquired an apprecia
Page 629 and 630:
A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
Page 631 and 632:
TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
Page 633 and 634:
^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
Page 635 and 636:
and relatives, explaining the divis
Page 637 and 638:
TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
Page 639 and 640:
484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
Page 641 and 642:
kQ6 The table includes religious tr
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
Page 645 and 646:
490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
Page 647 and 648:
In conclusion* the artifacts indica
Page 649 and 650:
k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
Page 652:
Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
Page 656 and 657:
I6ir
Page 658:
Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
Page 664:
Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
Page 669 and 670:
502
Page 671 and 672:
found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
Page 674 and 675:
Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
Page 676:
Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
Page 681 and 682:
508
Page 684 and 685:
6o£
Page 686 and 687:
were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
Page 688 and 689:
possible loom holes, ladder base, a
Page 690 and 691:
It and kept It in repair* Haury and
Page 692 and 693:
51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
Page 694:
Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
Page 697 and 698:
the center of the floor of the two
Page 699 and 700:
Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
Page 702 and 703:
523
Page 704 and 705:
525 been variable and complex® How
Page 706 and 707:
527 The emphasis on agriculture and
Page 708 and 709:
529 which occurred under Anasazi in
Page 710 and 711:
vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
Page 712 and 713:
some of the rooms of the site. In s
Page 714 and 715:
535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
Page 716 and 717:
However, the transitional nature of
Page 718 and 719:
After 1050-1100, following the Meso
Page 720 and 721:
in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
Page 722 and 723:
5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
Page 724 and 725:
Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
Page 726 and 727:
Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
Page 728 and 729:
5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
Page 730 and 731:
Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
Page 732 and 733:
Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
Page 734 and 735:
. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
Page 736 and 737:
557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
Page 738 and 739:
Howell, David National Museum• Pr
Page 740 and 741:
Southwestern Monuments Association.
Page 742 and 743:
Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
Page 744 and 745:
565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
Page 748 and 749:
Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
Page 752 and 753:
Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
Page 754 and 755:
Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
Page 756 and 757:
577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
Page 759 and 760:
82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
Page 764:
N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK
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