WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

have kivas. Smith (1952a: 15^-165) in a well considered.
chapter "When Is a Kiva", concluded that kivas can not be
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defined on the basis of any particular set of features "...but
rather in that rooms relationship to other rooms in the archi­
tectural unit of which it Is a part. There is not one archi­
tectural feature that is...universally present in all kivas
and universally absent from all non-kivas • •»" (Smith 19.52a:
l6l}« If, indeed, kivas are present in the Sinagua area, they
are probably rectangular. The Sinagua fall Into Reed's Western
Pueblo grouping, which includes as a diagnostic trait rectan­
gular kivas, or none at all (1950s 127-28). Hound ceremonial
rooms resembling Kayenta Anasazi kivas are found in the Sinagua
area, but always at Anasazl-influenced sites, such as those in
the Big Hawk Valley, Heizer Spring Ruin, The Citadel Ruin,
Crack-in-the-rock Ruin, and a small site near Wupatki designated
NA 2765b (Smith 1952a! 163-65? Colton 19^6: 205). Most authors
have not accepted the idea of rectangular ceremonial rooms in
the Flagstaff area. Reed (1950: 128) and Smith (1952a: 162-65)
are dubious, and Schroeder appears to deny their presence (196I:
6^-65)a Colton is unsure (19^6: 173)* but on the other hand,
lists several possible kivas in the room blocks of such Elden
phase Sinagua sites as Nalakihu, Elden Pueblo, Metate House,
Ridge Ruin, Walnut Canyon, and Juniper Terrace (Colton 1932:
28s 19^: 53, 132-33. 138-39, 153, 278). King (1949s
22, 30, 50) Identifies two passible rectangular kivae at
Nalakihu on the basis of ventilator, deflector, flire-pit, and