WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d, g, reed cigarettes; e, k, shouldered and painted sticks, or pahos; f8 n, "roundel" pahos; h~i^ m9 o, tabllta fragments; pierced and painted stick; 1, ceremonial cane* Length of £9 27,5 cm.
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This dissertation has been 64-4280
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WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
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a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
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advice and information. The girls i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
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•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
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1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
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ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
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} found are obviously Mesoamerican
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INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
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1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
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Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
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the ecologically influenced cultura
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at the peak of Its population. It o
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iss-r^.r-: _
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hundred yards to the southwest of W
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minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
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growing much nearer the ruin than a
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Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
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Settlement Patterns The location of
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Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
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ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
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Col. James Stephensen made addition
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Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
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I I
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In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
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National Park Service, collecting h
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There are two recent generalized, s
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the ruin. These are listed as misce
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of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
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states that the southern section is
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In the middle of the sequence (1125
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(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
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DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
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1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
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TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
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and about 11 were extended. At leas
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Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
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oephalio, or round headed* The one
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Burial offerings The "burials often
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clan* This is perhaps substantiated
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STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
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stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
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were found propped on rocks, and in
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oth full and single-troughed types
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Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
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Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
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the pebbles themselves being about
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lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
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stone "bowls also appear more frequ
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Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
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gular basalt examples are "bifacial
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pressure applied on one side and ed
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manos are early In several areas (W
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manos were always common In the Ana
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Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
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from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
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Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
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Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
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grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
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Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
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102 with a groove across their widt
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than "basalt). Since all are made o
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meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
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Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
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109 Measurements: widths of the axe
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Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
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Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
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11^
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The stone cylinder may have served
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118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
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as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
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i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
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FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
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12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
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knives are each of different shape
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| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
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— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
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f f
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I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
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133
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Coition list, which would be design
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Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
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and concave based lanceolate point
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141 conclusions In summarizing the
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Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
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went through this pattern of change
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Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
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149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
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Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
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Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
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In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
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156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
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Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
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Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
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Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
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162
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(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
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«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
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had a hole drilled down one side, t
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. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
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171 at the edges® The beveling hel
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took over 16 months to make? and si
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F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
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Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
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example being 'those specimens foun
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181 and they probably date at 1050-
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183 area are also to "be expected.
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185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
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have been efficient as a hammerston
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Large stone balls, possibly more co
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along with slabs of sandstone and p
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turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
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The Wupatki manos are again of a va
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full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
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199 Most of these traits later were
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serrated points, mosaic work, and l
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METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
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20k
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studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
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208 of a child "burial. Six other b
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CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
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Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
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Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
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Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
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are common, and bands of alternate
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Description: coiled, fired in a red
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Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
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ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
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Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
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Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
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Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
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edware types are very similar to Mo
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Considering the ceramic artifacts,
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Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
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233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
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pierced, nearly one-half of these f
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top and back. The two longer sides
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238
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Decorated. One crude globular Flags
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242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
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Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
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Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
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animal figurines in their oorrals a
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84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
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Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
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25^ In total, then, there are objec
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shafts. The second area of conelder
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they were no doubt often broken and
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Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
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Pi. They are common and widespread
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Distribution- This general and amor
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265 from the top of the head into t
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Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
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and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
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Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
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and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
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Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
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272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
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Ji h f j k I m n
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in their publications, although the
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-: V - "
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(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
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280 The third tool, possibly made f
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Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
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• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
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Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
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287
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antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
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291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
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undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
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295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
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1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
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19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
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particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
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work-rooms, for they had many of th
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SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
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Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
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Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
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310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
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cut from the hinge area of one of t
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Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
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ground) are generally later in time
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the same color range as the Wupatki
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320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
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Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
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This was probably equally true in t
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325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
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327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
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At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
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330
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332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
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ground and drilled so as to provide
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336 In particular, thin bracelets w
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338 Thick and thin varieties were f
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Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
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Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
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Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
Page 472 and 473: lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
Page 474 and 475: Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
Page 476 and 477: (Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479: 351 rarely in sites of other areas.
Page 480 and 481: WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
Page 482: Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
Page 485 and 486: 356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488: 358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
Page 490: Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
Page 493 and 494: 362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
Page 495 and 496: the Wupatki "battens are a more app
Page 497 and 498: 366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
Page 499 and 500: 368 started, "but the wood had been
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Page 504 and 505: The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
Page 506: Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
Page 510 and 511: these foreshafts may have once been
Page 512 and 513: 3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
Page 514 and 515: 379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
Page 516 and 517: Distribution.. Two specimens from T
Page 518: Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
Page 521 and 522: Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
Page 526 and 527: 387 In the textile collection, alth
Page 528 and 529: 389 Pepper's type 1 (57 found at Pu
Page 530 and 531: features an object Tilth a similar
Page 532 and 533: loosely twisted# natural colored, -
Page 534 and 535: in wid.th, and is slightly beveled
Page 536: Flg» Miscellaneous wood tools and
Page 539 and 540: 398 PI. 36), and Kidder (1932: 191)
Page 541 and 542: point at either end. It Is slightly
Page 543 and 544: Wood Pestle A carved cottonwood cyl
Page 545 and 546: Oak Digging Stick A short, slender
Page 547 and 548: slightly shouldered and beveled, si
Page 549 and 550: The Anasazi Introductions, besides
Page 551 and 552: wild near Wupatki Ruin, yucca being
Page 554: Fig. 55* Basketry and perishable ar
Page 557 and 558: Twilled Yucca Basketry At least six
Page 560 and 561: Pig* 56# Twilled yucca matting and
Page 562 and 563: More specifically, the "basket type
Page 564 and 565: 419 Hopl groups (Kluckhohn and Reit
Page 566 and 567: are, and are mainly limited to Hoho
Page 568: Fig® 57o Twilled, matting fragment
Page 572 and 573: eintroduced (Fig. 56 a, c; Pig* 57
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Checkerboard Weave, Shaped Patterns
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Fig. 58- Portions of yucca sandals,
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Five-warp Sandal. One five-warp san
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sandals are rare in the Hohokam reg
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(Martin et al. 19522 2*K), Fig. 107
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436
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^38 (Martin et al« 1952; 212-13; H
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Distribution. Kent, Dixon, and Wend
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obes, for feather cordage Is never
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443
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type In the northern Pueblo area by
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PI. 15) 9 among other sites. Simila
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Fig. 61. Pot-rest, fiber quid, and
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and. stringing them individually on
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^53 fur robes were more popular at
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455 whorl In 'the Pueblo area, or a
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4-57 stitches; a small bit of weft-
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Tie-dye Basketweave ^59 There Is on
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461 row of embroidery consists of t
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Slit and Interlocked Tapestry ij-63
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weakly or not at all In the norther
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were found. Cucurbita pepo (Cutler
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*±69 the people of Wupatki can be
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fy?l due to the fact that when the
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^73 when considering the fiber arti
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CONCLUSIONS s MATERIAL CULTURE The
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the Flagstaff area probably gave wa
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TABLE 7 POST-EHUPTIVE CHACO ANASAZI
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481 In short, several religious and
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**83 Mesoamerioan influence at the
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TABLE 9 SINAGUA AfiTIPACT INTRODUCT
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487 So far, however, only diffusion
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The objects traded are mainly relig
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1*91 Obviously the traits noted, ev
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ARCHITECTURE This section has been
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ock niche was utilized* Some of the
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Pig* 64. Reconstructed cross-sectio
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ooms. Stone deflectors were found b
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Fig® 66m The south room block, Wup
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Pig# 68• The ceremonial Dance Pla
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frequent, they often split down the
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505 are found in "the walls, but sm
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506
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Fig. 71* Typical masonry at Wupatki
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Pig. 72. Cross-section of the falle
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a layer of sandstone slabs, more gr
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have kivas. Smith (1952a: 15^-165)
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514 Rectangular kivas, In fact, may
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516 or location In comparison with
Page 693 and 694:
Dance Plsiza 518 Directly to the ea
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519
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near a small Pueblo ruin. It Is abo
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Fig# 7*+. Ornamental wall In Room 3
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521* at the base. The court trends
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526 large ceremonial units * This i
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528 rectangular klvas, and artifact
Page 709 and 710:
with Chaco influence to the Sinagua
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532 by the Patki clans In 1300, and
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CONCLUSIONS The attempt of this wor
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536 basically of a post-eruptive An
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the very kinds of traits -which dis
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Interpreted, at least partially, as
Page 721 and 722:
grown, and the same importance was
Page 723 and 724:
Adams, W. Y. REFERENCES 1957 A Cach
Page 725 and 726:
Beals9 H« A. 5^6 19^5 The Contempo
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pp. 20-23, 162, 253, 321-22, 3^3-W-
Page 729 and 730:
Series« No. 2. Flagstaff, 1958b Po
Page 731 and 732:
Douglass, A* E. Central Arizona# Mu
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1926 An Archaeological Collection f
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1933 a A Revision of Archaeological
Page 737 and 738:
Haury, E. W., Kirk Bryan, E« H, Co
Page 739 and 740:
1961 A Ball Court at Point of Pines
Page 741 and 742:
Lambert, M. P. 562 New Mexico Bulle
Page 743 and 744:
History. Anthropological Series, Vo
Page 745 and 746:
Mc.Gregor, J. C. Anthropology. Vol.
Page 747 and 748:
Morris, E„ H0 , and R« F. Burgh
Page 749 and 750:
Monthly Report. March, Department o
Page 751 and 752:
Schroeder, A. £• Eastern Arizona
Page 753 and 754:
Sprague, Roderick, and Aldo Signori
Page 755 and 756:
Voth, H. R. Research and the Museum
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Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard
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MILES PHOENIX l69 66 L 67 68 72 N 6
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