WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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455 whorl In 'the Pueblo area, or a moulded clay bead whorl In the ( south. One end of the whorl stick was placed in a dish, at tached to the cotton fiber bundle and twirled with the right hand, forming the thread, or the whorl was rolled along the thigh. Cordage for loom weaving is usually Z-twisted, one- ply, while thread for sewing, embroidery, or selvage construction was S-twisted, two-ply. The loom weaving of the thread is attested at Wupatki by the number of battens, finishing needles, loom bars, shed rods, tenter, and wooden awls found, as well as the many textile fragments. Wupatki was probably a major center for the.export of woven fabrics. Raw Material Several groups of raw material were found at Wupatki Ruin, at least in Rooms 7» 10, 11, and 35^ (Pig* 60 a, e_, £). Cotton bolls, boll hulls, and leaves and seeds of the plant were found, indicating that cotton was grown nearby (Jones 1937* Whiting 19^1). Cordage and Twine A. Twisted fiber 1« S-twisted fiber,(1-3 mm. diameter, dyed brown, red, blue, black, and orange) a. Two yarn elements-- — 10
. Three double strands (dyed brown and red) ———- 2 2. Z-twisted fiber a. Pour double strands (dyed brown, white)——— 2 b. Eight double strands (6 jnnu diameter, dyed brown)— 2 3. Loosely twisted cotton cord (3-^ mnu diameter, covering a cord of Agave utahensls fiber, Z-twisted)- 1 B. Braided fiber 1. Pour strands (3 mm. diameter) 1 2. Three triple strands 1 2*56 The majority of this cordage was not for loom use, but for sewing, selvages, or embroidery work (Fig. 59 a, c, g.). It is mainly of two S-twisted yarns, dyed in several colors, and is typical of the Southwestern cordage types described by several authors (Kent 1957 s ^785 Martin et al. 1952: 208-211 )• Cotton Textiles The elaborate Wupatki textiles have been described by Kent (n*d.) in a manuscript on file at the,Museum of Northern Arizona, and most specimens have also been included in her work on the weaving of cotton in the prehistoric Southwest (Kent 1957)* These data will be summarized here. Included in the Wupatki collection are 32 fragments of basketweave, natural white and dyedj one piece of tie-dye; one embroidered cloth; four pieces decorated with crude embroidery
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This dissertation has been 64-4280
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WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
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a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
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advice and information. The girls i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
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•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
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1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
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ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
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} found are obviously Mesoamerican
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INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
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1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
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Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
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the ecologically influenced cultura
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at the peak of Its population. It o
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iss-r^.r-: _
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hundred yards to the southwest of W
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minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
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growing much nearer the ruin than a
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Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
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Settlement Patterns The location of
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Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
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ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
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Col. James Stephensen made addition
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Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
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I I
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In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
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National Park Service, collecting h
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There are two recent generalized, s
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the ruin. These are listed as misce
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of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
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states that the southern section is
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In the middle of the sequence (1125
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(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
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DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
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1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
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TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
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and about 11 were extended. At leas
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Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
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oephalio, or round headed* The one
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Burial offerings The "burials often
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clan* This is perhaps substantiated
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STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
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stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
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were found propped on rocks, and in
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oth full and single-troughed types
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Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
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Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
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the pebbles themselves being about
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lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
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stone "bowls also appear more frequ
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Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
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gular basalt examples are "bifacial
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pressure applied on one side and ed
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manos are early In several areas (W
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manos were always common In the Ana
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Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
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from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
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Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
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Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
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grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
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Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
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102 with a groove across their widt
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than "basalt). Since all are made o
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meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
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Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
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109 Measurements: widths of the axe
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Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
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Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
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11^
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The stone cylinder may have served
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118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
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as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
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i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
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FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
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12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
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knives are each of different shape
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| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
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— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
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f f
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I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
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133
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Coition list, which would be design
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Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
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and concave based lanceolate point
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141 conclusions In summarizing the
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Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
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went through this pattern of change
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Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
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149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
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Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
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Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
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In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
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156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
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Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
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Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
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Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
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162
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(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
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«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
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had a hole drilled down one side, t
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. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
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171 at the edges® The beveling hel
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took over 16 months to make? and si
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F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
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Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
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example being 'those specimens foun
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181 and they probably date at 1050-
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183 area are also to "be expected.
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185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
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have been efficient as a hammerston
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Large stone balls, possibly more co
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along with slabs of sandstone and p
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turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
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The Wupatki manos are again of a va
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full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
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199 Most of these traits later were
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serrated points, mosaic work, and l
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METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
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20k
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studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
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208 of a child "burial. Six other b
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CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
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Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
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Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
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Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
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are common, and bands of alternate
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Description: coiled, fired in a red
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Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
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ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
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Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
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Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
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Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
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edware types are very similar to Mo
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Considering the ceramic artifacts,
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Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
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233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
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pierced, nearly one-half of these f
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top and back. The two longer sides
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238
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Decorated. One crude globular Flags
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242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
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Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
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Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
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animal figurines in their oorrals a
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84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
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Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
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25^ In total, then, there are objec
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shafts. The second area of conelder
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they were no doubt often broken and
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Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
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Pi. They are common and widespread
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Distribution- This general and amor
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265 from the top of the head into t
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Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
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and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
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Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
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and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
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Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
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272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
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Ji h f j k I m n
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in their publications, although the
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-: V - "
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(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
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280 The third tool, possibly made f
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Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
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• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
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Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
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287
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antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
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291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
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undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
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295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
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1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
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19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
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particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
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work-rooms, for they had many of th
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SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
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Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
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Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
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310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
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cut from the hinge area of one of t
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Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
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ground) are generally later in time
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the same color range as the Wupatki
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320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
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Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
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This was probably equally true in t
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325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
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327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
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At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
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330
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332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
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ground and drilled so as to provide
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336 In particular, thin bracelets w
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338 Thick and thin varieties were f
Page 466 and 467:
Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
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Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
Page 470 and 471:
Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
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lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
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Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
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(Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479:
351 rarely in sites of other areas.
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WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
Page 482:
Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
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356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488:
358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
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Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
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362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
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the Wupatki "battens are a more app
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366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
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368 started, "but the wood had been
Page 502 and 503:
369
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The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
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Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
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these foreshafts may have once been
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3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
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379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
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Distribution.. Two specimens from T
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Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
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Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
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Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
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Sinagua, In turn, may have passed s
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"Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
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esemble the broken fragments, and t
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39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
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396 very similar to each other, and
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397
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Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
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1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
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Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
Page 546 and 547:
Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
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included are "battenst several type
Page 550 and 551:
PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
Page 552:
Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
Page 556 and 557:
**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
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plaiting pattern, or interval, and
Page 561 and 562: klS
Page 563 and 564: and was particularly important in t
Page 565 and 566: Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
Page 567 and 568: *1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
Page 571 and 572: Over-two Under-two Several fragment
Page 573 and 574: 1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
Page 575 and 576: *3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
Page 579 and 580: ^30 the type called by Martin et al
Page 581 and 582: A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
Page 583 and 584: ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
Page 586 and 587: Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
Page 588 and 589: ^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
Page 590 and 591: 1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
Page 592 and 593: the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
Page 594: Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
Page 597 and 598: im from Wupatki. They are formed of
Page 599 and 600: obes. A raised design of rectangula
Page 601 and 602: fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
Page 605 and 606: i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
Page 607 and 608: k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
Page 609: Southwest, and. was an Important tr
Page 613 and 614: types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
Page 615 and 616: ^60 pieces are generally woven in n
Page 617 and 618: Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
Page 619 and 620: A longstanding and popular Anasazi
Page 621 and 622: carried into the Hopi region (Kent
Page 623 and 624: 468 date palm, probably native to n
Page 625 and 626: 470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
Page 627 and 628: group probably acquired an apprecia
Page 629 and 630: A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
Page 631 and 632: TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
Page 633 and 634: ^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
Page 635 and 636: and relatives, explaining the divis
Page 637 and 638: TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
Page 639 and 640: 484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
Page 641 and 642: kQ6 The table includes religious tr
Page 643 and 644: TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
Page 645 and 646: 490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
Page 647 and 648: In conclusion* the artifacts indica
Page 649 and 650: k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
Page 652: Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
Page 656 and 657: I6ir
Page 658: Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
Page 664:
Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
Page 669 and 670:
502
Page 671 and 672:
found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
Page 674 and 675:
Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
Page 676:
Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
Page 681 and 682:
508
Page 684 and 685:
6o£
Page 686 and 687:
were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
Page 688 and 689:
possible loom holes, ladder base, a
Page 690 and 691:
It and kept It in repair* Haury and
Page 692 and 693:
51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
Page 694:
Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
Page 697 and 698:
the center of the floor of the two
Page 699 and 700:
Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
Page 702 and 703:
523
Page 704 and 705:
525 been variable and complex® How
Page 706 and 707:
527 The emphasis on agriculture and
Page 708 and 709:
529 which occurred under Anasazi in
Page 710 and 711:
vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
Page 712 and 713:
some of the rooms of the site. In s
Page 714 and 715:
535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
Page 716 and 717:
However, the transitional nature of
Page 718 and 719:
After 1050-1100, following the Meso
Page 720 and 721:
in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
Page 722 and 723:
5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
Page 724 and 725:
Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
Page 726 and 727:
Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
Page 728 and 729:
5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
Page 730 and 731:
Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
Page 732 and 733:
Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
Page 734 and 735:
. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
Page 736 and 737:
557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
Page 738 and 739:
Howell, David National Museum• Pr
Page 740 and 741:
Southwestern Monuments Association.
Page 742 and 743:
Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
Page 744 and 745:
565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
Page 748 and 749:
Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
Page 752 and 753:
Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
Page 754 and 755:
Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
Page 756 and 757:
577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
Page 759 and 760:
82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
Page 764:
N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK
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WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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