WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten dentatus Sby. or P.^ezcavatus Anton Spondylus llmbatus Sty. Seaphopods 307 #Dentallum nehexlrconum Sharp et Gulf or Pacific Coast Pilsbry #Dentallum hexlgonum #Dentalluia RflTnl-nnlitum Broderlp et Sowerby Land Snail Cerohells Fossil Crlnold Stem Note: The asterisk, denotes specimens not previously noted in the South-west, while the sign, #» denotes specimens tentatively identified "by staff members of the Museum of Northern Arizona, Unworked Shell There are numbers of fragments of broken, or slightly worked shell in the collection, the most common being Cardlum elatum Sby., followed by Haliotus, Conus regular!s Sby., small Glyoymerls» Pecten, and single specimens of Pollnlces reoluslanus Desh«» Spondylus llmbatus Sby•, and the land snail, Cerohellx. Only the Conus and Haliotus shells were worked. Twenty-eight Haliotus are cut and broken, and many of the Conus shells were cut and sometimes ground and pierced before they broke into fragments, and perhaps thus should be better included under worked shells. The approximately 100 Cardlum specimens, including one nearly complete shell and
12 large shell fragments, show no signs of workmanship9 308 other than cutting. No caches of raw material were found at Wupatki, as at some other sites. At Snaketown, for example, Qlivella and Glycymerls shells were cached (Gladwin et al. 1937: 138); and at the Flieger Ruin, near Oracle, Arizona, and at a site near Tucson, Arizona, *5-1 partially worked Glycymerls shells, and 3,153 unworked or partially worked Qlivella, Nassarlus« Gonus, Cardium, and Chione shells were found hidden in Jars (Stanislawski I96I: 22-27). Worked Shell The majority of shell at Wupatki is in the form of artifacts, the main types of shell utilised being, in order: Glycymerls, Qlivella. Conus, Cardium« Hallotus. Pecten, Nassarlus. Oliva, and Turitella. The most common artifacts are Glycymerls "bracelets and rings, Gonus shell tinklers, Oilyella beads, and the many -varieties of disc and lobed beads. Small cut pendants or inlay pieces are also common. Beads Whole Shell Beads Beads of whole shell are generally made from the three species of Qlivella. preponderately Qlivella dama Duclos. (Pig* kk e). However, there are also beads of Nassarlus leucops (Pig. c) and a small Glycymerls variety (Fig.
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This dissertation has been 64-4280
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WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
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a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
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advice and information. The girls i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
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•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
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1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
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ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
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} found are obviously Mesoamerican
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INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
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1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
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Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
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the ecologically influenced cultura
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at the peak of Its population. It o
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iss-r^.r-: _
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hundred yards to the southwest of W
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minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
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growing much nearer the ruin than a
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Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
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Settlement Patterns The location of
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Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
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ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
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Col. James Stephensen made addition
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Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
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I I
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In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
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National Park Service, collecting h
Page 78 and 79:
There are two recent generalized, s
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the ruin. These are listed as misce
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of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
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states that the southern section is
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In the middle of the sequence (1125
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(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
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DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
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1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
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TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
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and about 11 were extended. At leas
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Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
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oephalio, or round headed* The one
Page 111 and 112:
Burial offerings The "burials often
Page 113 and 114:
clan* This is perhaps substantiated
Page 115 and 116:
STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
Page 118:
stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
Page 121 and 122:
were found propped on rocks, and in
Page 123 and 124:
oth full and single-troughed types
Page 126:
Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
Page 130 and 131:
Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
Page 132:
the pebbles themselves being about
Page 136 and 137:
lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
Page 138 and 139:
stone "bowls also appear more frequ
Page 140:
Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
Page 144:
gular basalt examples are "bifacial
Page 148 and 149:
pressure applied on one side and ed
Page 150 and 151:
manos are early In several areas (W
Page 152 and 153:
manos were always common In the Ana
Page 154:
Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
Page 158 and 159:
from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
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Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
Page 162:
Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
Page 166 and 167:
grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
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Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
Page 171 and 172:
102 with a groove across their widt
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than "basalt). Since all are made o
Page 175 and 176:
meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
Page 178 and 179:
Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
Page 180 and 181:
109 Measurements: widths of the axe
Page 182 and 183:
Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
Page 184:
Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
Page 187 and 188:
11^
Page 189 and 190:
The stone cylinder may have served
Page 191 and 192:
118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
Page 193 and 194:
as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
Page 196 and 197:
i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
Page 198:
FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
Page 201 and 202:
12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
Page 203 and 204:
knives are each of different shape
Page 205 and 206:
| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
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— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
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f f
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I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
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133
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Coition list, which would be design
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Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
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and concave based lanceolate point
Page 222 and 223:
141 conclusions In summarizing the
Page 224 and 225:
Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
Page 226 and 227:
went through this pattern of change
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Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
Page 232 and 233:
149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
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Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
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Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
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In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
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156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
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Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
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Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
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Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
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162
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(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
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«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
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had a hole drilled down one side, t
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. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
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171 at the edges® The beveling hel
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took over 16 months to make? and si
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F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
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Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
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example being 'those specimens foun
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181 and they probably date at 1050-
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183 area are also to "be expected.
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185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
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have been efficient as a hammerston
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Large stone balls, possibly more co
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along with slabs of sandstone and p
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turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
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The Wupatki manos are again of a va
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full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
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199 Most of these traits later were
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serrated points, mosaic work, and l
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METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
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20k
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studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
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208 of a child "burial. Six other b
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CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
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Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
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Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
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Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
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are common, and bands of alternate
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Description: coiled, fired in a red
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Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
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ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
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Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
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Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
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Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
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edware types are very similar to Mo
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Considering the ceramic artifacts,
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Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
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233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
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pierced, nearly one-half of these f
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top and back. The two longer sides
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238
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Decorated. One crude globular Flags
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242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
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Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
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Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
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animal figurines in their oorrals a
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84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
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Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
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25^ In total, then, there are objec
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shafts. The second area of conelder
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they were no doubt often broken and
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Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
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Pi. They are common and widespread
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Distribution- This general and amor
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265 from the top of the head into t
Page 374 and 375:
Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
Page 376 and 377: and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
Page 378: Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
Page 381 and 382: and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
Page 383 and 384: Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
Page 385 and 386: 272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
Page 388 and 389: Ji h f j k I m n
Page 390: in their publications, although the
Page 393 and 394: -: V - "
Page 395 and 396: (1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
Page 397 and 398: 280 The third tool, possibly made f
Page 399 and 400: Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
Page 401 and 402: • • 23k In all areas of the Sou
Page 403 and 404: Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
Page 406 and 407: 287
Page 408 and 409: antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
Page 410 and 411: 291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
Page 412 and 413: undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
Page 414 and 415: 295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
Page 416 and 417: 1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
Page 418 and 419: 19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
Page 420 and 421: particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
Page 422 and 423: work-rooms, for they had many of th
Page 424 and 425: SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
Page 428: Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
Page 431 and 432: 310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
Page 433 and 434: cut from the hinge area of one of t
Page 435 and 436: Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
Page 437 and 438: ground) are generally later in time
Page 439 and 440: the same color range as the Wupatki
Page 441 and 442: 320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
Page 444 and 445: Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
Page 446 and 447: This was probably equally true in t
Page 448 and 449: 325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
Page 450 and 451: 327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
Page 452: At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
Page 455 and 456: 330
Page 457 and 458: 332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
Page 459 and 460: ground and drilled so as to provide
Page 461 and 462: 336 In particular, thin bracelets w
Page 463 and 464: 338 Thick and thin varieties were f
Page 466 and 467: Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
Page 468 and 469: Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
Page 470 and 471: Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
Page 472 and 473: lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
Page 474 and 475: Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
Page 476 and 477:
(Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479:
351 rarely in sites of other areas.
Page 480 and 481:
WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
Page 482:
Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
Page 485 and 486:
356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488:
358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
Page 490:
Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
Page 493 and 494:
362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
Page 495 and 496:
the Wupatki "battens are a more app
Page 497 and 498:
366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
Page 499 and 500:
368 started, "but the wood had been
Page 502 and 503:
369
Page 504 and 505:
The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
Page 506:
Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
Page 510 and 511:
these foreshafts may have once been
Page 512 and 513:
3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
Page 514 and 515:
379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
Page 516 and 517:
Distribution.. Two specimens from T
Page 518:
Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
Page 521 and 522:
Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
Page 524:
Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
Page 527 and 528:
Sinagua, In turn, may have passed s
Page 529 and 530:
"Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
Page 531 and 532:
esemble the broken fragments, and t
Page 533 and 534:
39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
Page 535 and 536:
396 very similar to each other, and
Page 538 and 539:
397
Page 540 and 541:
Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
Page 542 and 543:
1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
Page 544 and 545:
Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
Page 546 and 547:
Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
Page 548 and 549:
included are "battenst several type
Page 550 and 551:
PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
Page 552:
Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
Page 556 and 557:
**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
Page 558:
plaiting pattern, or interval, and
Page 561 and 562:
klS
Page 563 and 564:
and was particularly important in t
Page 565 and 566:
Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
Page 567 and 568:
*1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
Page 571 and 572:
Over-two Under-two Several fragment
Page 573 and 574:
1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
Page 575 and 576:
*3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
Page 579 and 580:
^30 the type called by Martin et al
Page 581 and 582:
A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
Page 583 and 584:
ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
Page 586 and 587:
Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
Page 588 and 589:
^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
Page 590 and 591:
1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
Page 592 and 593:
the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
Page 594:
Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
Page 597 and 598:
im from Wupatki. They are formed of
Page 599 and 600:
obes. A raised design of rectangula
Page 601 and 602:
fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
Page 605 and 606:
i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
Page 607 and 608:
k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
Page 609 and 610:
Southwest, and. was an Important tr
Page 611 and 612:
. Three double strands (dyed brown
Page 613 and 614:
types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
Page 615 and 616:
^60 pieces are generally woven in n
Page 617 and 618:
Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
Page 619 and 620:
A longstanding and popular Anasazi
Page 621 and 622:
carried into the Hopi region (Kent
Page 623 and 624:
468 date palm, probably native to n
Page 625 and 626:
470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
Page 627 and 628:
group probably acquired an apprecia
Page 629 and 630:
A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
Page 631 and 632:
TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
Page 633 and 634:
^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
Page 635 and 636:
and relatives, explaining the divis
Page 637 and 638:
TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
Page 639 and 640:
484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
Page 641 and 642:
kQ6 The table includes religious tr
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
Page 645 and 646:
490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
Page 647 and 648:
In conclusion* the artifacts indica
Page 649 and 650:
k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
Page 652:
Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
Page 656 and 657:
I6ir
Page 658:
Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
Page 664:
Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
Page 669 and 670:
502
Page 671 and 672:
found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
Page 674 and 675:
Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
Page 676:
Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
Page 681 and 682:
508
Page 684 and 685:
6o£
Page 686 and 687:
were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
Page 688 and 689:
possible loom holes, ladder base, a
Page 690 and 691:
It and kept It in repair* Haury and
Page 692 and 693:
51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
Page 694:
Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
Page 697 and 698:
the center of the floor of the two
Page 699 and 700:
Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
Page 702 and 703:
523
Page 704 and 705:
525 been variable and complex® How
Page 706 and 707:
527 The emphasis on agriculture and
Page 708 and 709:
529 which occurred under Anasazi in
Page 710 and 711:
vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
Page 712 and 713:
some of the rooms of the site. In s
Page 714 and 715:
535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
Page 716 and 717:
However, the transitional nature of
Page 718 and 719:
After 1050-1100, following the Meso
Page 720 and 721:
in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
Page 722 and 723:
5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
Page 724 and 725:
Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
Page 726 and 727:
Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
Page 728 and 729:
5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
Page 730 and 731:
Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
Page 732 and 733:
Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
Page 734 and 735:
. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
Page 736 and 737:
557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
Page 738 and 739:
Howell, David National Museum• Pr
Page 740 and 741:
Southwestern Monuments Association.
Page 742 and 743:
Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
Page 744 and 745:
565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
Page 748 and 749:
Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
Page 752 and 753:
Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
Page 754 and 755:
Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
Page 756 and 757:
577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
Page 759 and 760:
82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
Page 764:
N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK
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