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This dissertation has been 64-4280
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WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
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a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
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advice and information. The girls i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
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•TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
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TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
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1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
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ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
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} found are obviously Mesoamerican
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INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
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1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
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Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
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the ecologically influenced cultura
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at the peak of Its population. It o
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iss-r^.r-: _
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hundred yards to the southwest of W
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minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
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growing much nearer the ruin than a
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Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
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Settlement Patterns The location of
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Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
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ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
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Col. James Stephensen made addition
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Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
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I I
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In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
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National Park Service, collecting h
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There are two recent generalized, s
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the ruin. These are listed as misce
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of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
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states that the southern section is
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In the middle of the sequence (1125
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(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
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DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
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1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
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TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
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and about 11 were extended. At leas
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Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
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oephalio, or round headed* The one
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Burial offerings The "burials often
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clan* This is perhaps substantiated
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STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
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stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
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were found propped on rocks, and in
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oth full and single-troughed types
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Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
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Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
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the pebbles themselves being about
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lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
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stone "bowls also appear more frequ
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Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
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gular basalt examples are "bifacial
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pressure applied on one side and ed
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manos are early In several areas (W
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manos were always common In the Ana
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Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
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from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
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Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
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Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
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grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
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Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
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102 with a groove across their widt
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than "basalt). Since all are made o
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meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
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Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
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109 Measurements: widths of the axe
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Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
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Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
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11^
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The stone cylinder may have served
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118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
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as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
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i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
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FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
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12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
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knives are each of different shape
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| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
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— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
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f f
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I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
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133
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Coition list, which would be design
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Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
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and concave based lanceolate point
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141 conclusions In summarizing the
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Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
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went through this pattern of change
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Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
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149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
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Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
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Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
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In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
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156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
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Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
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Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
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Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
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162
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(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
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«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
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had a hole drilled down one side, t
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. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
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171 at the edges® The beveling hel
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took over 16 months to make? and si
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F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
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Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
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example being 'those specimens foun
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181 and they probably date at 1050-
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183 area are also to "be expected.
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185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
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have been efficient as a hammerston
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Large stone balls, possibly more co
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along with slabs of sandstone and p
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turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
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The Wupatki manos are again of a va
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full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
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199 Most of these traits later were
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serrated points, mosaic work, and l
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METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
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20k
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studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
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208 of a child "burial. Six other b
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CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
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Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
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Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
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Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
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are common, and bands of alternate
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Description: coiled, fired in a red
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Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
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ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
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Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
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Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
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Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
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edware types are very similar to Mo
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Considering the ceramic artifacts,
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Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
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233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
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pierced, nearly one-half of these f
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top and back. The two longer sides
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238
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Decorated. One crude globular Flags
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242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
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Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
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Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
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animal figurines in their oorrals a
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84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
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Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
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25^ In total, then, there are objec
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shafts. The second area of conelder
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they were no doubt often broken and
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Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
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Pi. They are common and widespread
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Distribution- This general and amor
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265 from the top of the head into t
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Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
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and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
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Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
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and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
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Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
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272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
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Ji h f j k I m n
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in their publications, although the
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-: V - "
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(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
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280 The third tool, possibly made f
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Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
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• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
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Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
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287
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antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
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291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
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undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
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295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
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1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
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19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
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particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
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work-rooms, for they had many of th
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SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
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Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
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Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
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310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
- Page 433 and 434: cut from the hinge area of one of t
- Page 435 and 436: Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
- Page 437 and 438: ground) are generally later in time
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- Page 441 and 442: 320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
- Page 444 and 445: Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
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- Page 448 and 449: 325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
- Page 450 and 451: 327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
- Page 452: At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
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- Page 457 and 458: 332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
- Page 459 and 460: ground and drilled so as to provide
- Page 461 and 462: 336 In particular, thin bracelets w
- Page 463 and 464: 338 Thick and thin varieties were f
- Page 466 and 467: Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
- Page 468 and 469: Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
- Page 470 and 471: Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
- Page 472 and 473: lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
- Page 474 and 475: Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
- Page 476 and 477: (Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
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- Page 480 and 481: WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
- Page 482: Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
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- Page 490: Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
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- Page 495 and 496: the Wupatki "battens are a more app
- Page 497 and 498: 366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
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- Page 504 and 505: The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
- Page 506: Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
- Page 510 and 511: these foreshafts may have once been
- Page 512 and 513: 3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
- Page 514 and 515: 379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
- Page 516 and 517: Distribution.. Two specimens from T
- Page 518: Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
- Page 521 and 522: Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
- Page 524: Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
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- Page 529 and 530: "Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
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39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
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396 very similar to each other, and
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397
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Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
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1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
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Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
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Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
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included are "battenst several type
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PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
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Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
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**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
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plaiting pattern, or interval, and
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klS
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and was particularly important in t
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Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
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*1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
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Over-two Under-two Several fragment
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1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
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*3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
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^30 the type called by Martin et al
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A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
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ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
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Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
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^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
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1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
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the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
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Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
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im from Wupatki. They are formed of
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obes. A raised design of rectangula
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fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
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i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
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k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
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Southwest, and. was an Important tr
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. Three double strands (dyed brown
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types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
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^60 pieces are generally woven in n
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Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
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A longstanding and popular Anasazi
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carried into the Hopi region (Kent
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468 date palm, probably native to n
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470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
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group probably acquired an apprecia
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A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
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TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
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^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
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and relatives, explaining the divis
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TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
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484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
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kQ6 The table includes religious tr
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TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
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490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
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In conclusion* the artifacts indica
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k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
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Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
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I6ir
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Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
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Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
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502
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found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
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Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
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Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
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508
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6o£
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were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
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possible loom holes, ladder base, a
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It and kept It in repair* Haury and
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51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
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Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
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the center of the floor of the two
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Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
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523
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525 been variable and complex® How
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527 The emphasis on agriculture and
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529 which occurred under Anasazi in
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vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
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some of the rooms of the site. In s
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535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
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However, the transitional nature of
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After 1050-1100, following the Meso
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in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
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5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
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Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
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Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
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5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
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Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
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Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
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. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
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557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
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Howell, David National Museum• Pr
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Southwestern Monuments Association.
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Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
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565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
- Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
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Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
- Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
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Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
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Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
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577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
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82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
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N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK