Sick and Tired: Understanding and Managing Sleep Difficulties in ...

only contained one item, and was therefore not included in the analysis. Only one item
loaded onto more than one factor in this factor analysis (at the 0.4 level) indicating that
the item „I need 8 hours of sleep to feel refreshed and function the next day‟ loads onto
both factors and could indicate a sleep need with or without consequences of poor sleep.
All the scales revealed Cronbach‟s alphas of more than 0.6 (to account for diversity in
psychological constructs) and were therefore included in subsequent analysis (Kline,
1999; Loewenthal, 2001).
Table 5. Factor structure of the PSS-10 for FMS participants
Personal
Coping
Ability
Distress
1. How often have you been upset because of something
that happened unexpectedly?
.56 .49
6. How often have you felt confident about your ability
to handle your personal life?
.77 .32
7. How often have you felt things were going your way? .73 .38
9. How often have you been able to control irritations in
your life?
.70 .15
10. How often have you felt that you were on top of
things?
.83 .05
2. How often have you felt that you were unable to
control the important things in your life?
.43 .70
3. How often have you felt nervous and „stressed‟? .43 .65
11. How often have you been angered because of things
that happened that were outside of your control?
.21 .56
14. How often have you felt difficulties were piling up so
high that you could not overcome them?
.42 .74
8. How you often have you found that you could not
cope with all the things that you had to do?
.10 .73
91