Mannerkorpi, K., Nordeman, L., Ericsson, A., & Arndorw, M. (2009). Pool exercise for patients with fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pa<strong>in</strong>: A r<strong>and</strong>omized controlled trial <strong>and</strong> subgroup analyses. Journal of Rehabilitation Medic<strong>in</strong>e, 41(9), 751-760. Manu, P., Lane, T. J., Matthews, D. A., Castriotta, R. J., Watson, R. K., & Abeles, M. (1994). Alpha-delta sleep <strong>in</strong> patients with a chief compla<strong>in</strong>t of chronic fatigue. Southern Medical Journal, 87(4), 465-470. Marcus, D. A. (2009). Fibromyalgia: Diagnosis <strong>and</strong> treatment options. Gender Medic<strong>in</strong>e, 6 (Suppl 2), 139-151. Mart<strong>in</strong>, M. Y., Bradley, L. A., Alex<strong>and</strong>er, R. W., Alarcon, G. S., Triana-Alex<strong>and</strong>er, M., Aaron, L. A., et al. (1996). Cop<strong>in</strong>g strategies predict disability <strong>in</strong> patients with primary fibromyalgia. Pa<strong>in</strong>, 68(1), 45-53. Mart<strong>in</strong>, S. A., Ch<strong>and</strong>ran, A., Zografos, L., & Zlateva, G. (2009). Evaluation of the impact of fibromyalgia on patients' sleep <strong>and</strong> the content validity of two sleep scales. Health <strong>and</strong> Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(7), 64. Mart<strong>in</strong>ez-Lav<strong>in</strong>, M. (2007). Stress, the stress response system, <strong>and</strong> fibromyalgia. Arthritis Research <strong>and</strong> Therapy, 9(4), 216-223. Mart<strong>in</strong>ez, J. E., Barauna Filho, I. S., Kubokawa, K., Pedreira, I. S., Machado, L. A., & Cevasco, G. (2001). Evaluation of the quality of life <strong>in</strong> Brazilian women with fibromyalgia, through the medical outcome survey 36 item short-form study. Disability <strong>and</strong> Rehabilitation, 23(2), 64-68. Masi, A. T., White, K. P., & Pilcher, J. J. (2002). Person-centered approach to care, teach<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> research <strong>in</strong> fibromyalgia syndrome: Justification from biopsychosocial perspectives <strong>in</strong> populations. Sem<strong>in</strong>ars <strong>in</strong> Arthritis <strong>and</strong> Rheumatism, 32(2), 71-93. Mason, J. H., Silverman, S. L., Weaver, A. L., & Simms, R. W. (1992). Impact of fibromyalgia on multiple aspects of health status. Sc<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>avian Journal of Rheumatology, 21(Suppl 94), 33-35. May, K. P., West, S. G., Baker, M. R., & Everett, D. W. (1993). <strong>Sleep</strong> apnea <strong>in</strong> male patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. American Journal of Medic<strong>in</strong>e, 94(5), 505-508. Mayer, G., Leonhard, E., Krieg, J., & Meier-Ewert, K. (1998). Endocr<strong>in</strong>ological <strong>and</strong> polysomnographic f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Kle<strong>in</strong>e-Lev<strong>in</strong> syndrome: No evidence for hypothalamic <strong>and</strong> circadian dysfunction. <strong>Sleep</strong>, 21(3), 278-284. Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2000). Assess<strong>in</strong>g quality <strong>in</strong> qualitative research. British Medical Journal, 320, 50-52. McBeth, J. (2005). The epidemiology of chronic widespread pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> fibromyalgia. In D. J. Wallace & D. J. Clauw (Eds.), Fibromyalgia <strong>and</strong> other central pa<strong>in</strong> syndromes. Philadelphia: Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott, Williams <strong>and</strong> Wilk<strong>in</strong>s. McCracken, L. M., & Iverson, G. L. (2002). Disrupted sleep patterns <strong>and</strong> daily function<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> patients with chronic pa<strong>in</strong>. Pa<strong>in</strong> Research <strong>and</strong> Management, 7(2), 75-79. McCracken, L. M., & Zhao-O'Brien, J. (2010). General psychological acceptance <strong>and</strong> chronic pa<strong>in</strong>: There is more to accept than the pa<strong>in</strong> itself. European Journal of Pa<strong>in</strong>, 14(2), 170- 175. McCrae, C. S., & Lichste<strong>in</strong>, K. L. (2001). Secondary <strong>in</strong>somnia: Diagnostic challenges <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tervention opportunities. <strong>Sleep</strong> Medic<strong>in</strong>e Reviews, 5(1), 47-61. McCrae, C. S., Wilson, N. M., Lichste<strong>in</strong>, K. L., Durrence, H. H., Taylor, D. J., Bush, A. J., et al. (2003). 'Young old' <strong>and</strong> 'old old' poor sleepers with <strong>and</strong> without <strong>in</strong>somnia compla<strong>in</strong>ts. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(1), 11-19. McDaid, C., Griff<strong>in</strong>, S., Weatherly, H., Duree, K., van der Burgt, M., van Hout, S., et al. (2009). Cont<strong>in</strong>uous positive airway pressure devices for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome: A systematic review <strong>and</strong> economic analysis. Health Technology Assessment, 13(4), 143-274. McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Jr., Lu, J. F., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item Short- Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scal<strong>in</strong>g assumptions, <strong>and</strong> reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical care, 32(1), 40-66. 175
Mease, P. J. (2005). Fibromyalgia syndrome: Review of cl<strong>in</strong>ical presentation, pathogenesis, outcome measures, <strong>and</strong> treatment. Journal of Rheumatology, 32(Suppl 75), 6-21. Mease, P. J., Arnold, L. M., Bennett, R. M., Boonen, A., Buskila, D., Carville, S., et al. (2007). Fibromyalgia syndrome. The Journal of Rheumatology, 34(6), 1415-1425. Mease, P. J., Arnold, L. M., Choy, E. H., Clauw, D. J., Crofford, L. J., Glass, J. M., et al. (2009). Fibromyalgia syndrome module at OMERACT 9: Doma<strong>in</strong> construct. The Journal of Rheumatology, 36(10), 2318-2329. Mease, P. J., Arnold, L. M., Crofford, L. J., Williams, D. A., Russell, I. J., Humphrey, L., et al. (2008). Identify<strong>in</strong>g the cl<strong>in</strong>ical doma<strong>in</strong>s of fibromyalgia: Contributions from cl<strong>in</strong>ician <strong>and</strong> patient Delphi exercises. Arthritis <strong>and</strong> Rheumatism, 59(7), 952-960. Mease, P. J., Russell, I. J., Arnold, L. M., Florian, H., Young, J. P. J., Mart<strong>in</strong>, S. A., et al. (2008). A r<strong>and</strong>omized, double-bl<strong>in</strong>d, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of pregabal<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology, 35(3), 502-514. Mell<strong>in</strong>ger, G. D., Balter, M. B., & Uhlenhuth, E. H. (1985). Insomnia <strong>and</strong> its treatment. Prevalence <strong>and</strong> correlates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(3), 225-232. Menefee, L. A., Cohen, M. J., Anderson, W. R., Doghramji, K., Frank, E. D., & Lee, H. (2000). <strong>Sleep</strong> disturbance <strong>and</strong> nonmalignant chronic pa<strong>in</strong>: A comprehensive review of the literature. Pa<strong>in</strong> Medic<strong>in</strong>e, 1(2), 156-172. Mengshoel, A. M., & Haugen, M. (2001). Health status <strong>in</strong> fibromyalgia: A follow up study. The Journal of Rheumatology, 28(9), 2085-2089. Michielsen, H. J., De Vries, J., & Van Heck, G. L. (2003). Psychometric qualities of a brief selfrated fatigue measure: The Fatigue Assessment Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(4), 345-352. Moldofsky, H. (2001). Disordered sleep <strong>in</strong> fibromyalgia <strong>and</strong> related myofascial facial pa<strong>in</strong> conditions. Dental Cl<strong>in</strong>ics of North America, 45(4), 701-713. Moldofsky, H. (2002). Management of sleep disorders <strong>in</strong> fibromyalgia. Rheumatic Diseases Cl<strong>in</strong>ics of North America, 28(2), 353-365. Moldofsky, H. (2009). The significance of dysfunctions of the sleep<strong>in</strong>g/wak<strong>in</strong>g bra<strong>in</strong> to the pathogenesis <strong>and</strong> treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatic Disease Cl<strong>in</strong>ics of North America, 35(2), 275-283. Moldofsky, H. (2010). Rheumatic manifestations of sleep disorders. Current Op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>in</strong> Rheumatology, 22(1), 59-63. Moldofsky, H., & MacFarlane, J. G. (2005). <strong>Sleep</strong> <strong>and</strong> its potential role <strong>in</strong> chronic pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> fatigue. In D. J. Wallace & D. J. Clauw (Eds.), Fibromyalgia <strong>and</strong> other central pa<strong>in</strong> syndromes. Philadelphia: Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott Williams <strong>and</strong> Wilk<strong>in</strong>s. Molony, R. R., MacPeek, D. M., Schiffman, P. L., Frank, M., Neubauer, J. A., Schwartzberg, M., et al. (1986). <strong>Sleep</strong>, sleep apnea <strong>and</strong> the fibromyalgia syndrome. Journal of Rheumatology, 13(4), 797-800. Moore, R. A., Straube, S., Wiffen, P. J., Derry, S., & McQuay, H. J. (2009). Pregabal<strong>in</strong> for acute <strong>and</strong> chronic pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. Moorer, P., Suurmeije, T. P., Foets, M., & Molenaar, I. W. (2001). Psychometric properties of the RAND-36 among three chronic diseases (multiple sclerosis, rheumatic diseases <strong>and</strong> COPD) <strong>in</strong> The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s. Quality of Life Research, 10(7), 637-645. Mor<strong>in</strong>, C. M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological Assessment And Management. New York: The Guilford Press. Mor<strong>in</strong>, C. M., Belanger, L., Bastien, C., & Vallieres, A. (2005). Long-term outcome after discont<strong>in</strong>uation of benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>es for <strong>in</strong>somnia: A survival analysis of relapse. Behavior Research <strong>and</strong> Therapy, 43(1), 1-14. Mor<strong>in</strong>, C. M., Culbert, J. P., & Schwartz, S. M. (1994). Nonpharmacological <strong>in</strong>terventions for <strong>in</strong>somnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1172-1180. Mor<strong>in</strong>, C. M., & Espie, C. A. (2003). Insomnia: A cl<strong>in</strong>ical guide to assessment <strong>and</strong> treatment. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 176
- Page 1 and 2:
Sick and Tired: Understanding and M
- Page 3 and 4:
Chapter Four. The Nature and Effect
- Page 5 and 6:
References ........................
- Page 7 and 8:
List of Tables Table 1. Participant
- Page 9 and 10:
Co-authored Works Although the stud
- Page 11 and 12:
Acknowledgments This thesis would n
- Page 13 and 14:
Intellectual Property Rights There
- Page 15 and 16:
Confidential Material No participan
- Page 17 and 18:
The role of sleep in FMS appears to
- Page 19 and 20:
little information was available as
- Page 21 and 22:
Psychophysiologic insomnia which is
- Page 23 and 24:
and are less able to inhibit the pa
- Page 25 and 26:
widely applied in clinical practice
- Page 27 and 28:
of fewer tender points; usually bet
- Page 29 and 30:
Current Management Strategies The t
- Page 31 and 32:
also likely to depend on a number o
- Page 33 and 34:
deep sleep (stages three and four)
- Page 35 and 36:
Although sleep moves through the sl
- Page 37 and 38:
Figure 3. The Integrative Model of
- Page 39 and 40:
However, conducting a blood test is
- Page 41 and 42:
As sleep is a complex process invol
- Page 43 and 44:
Sleep Diaries Sleep diaries are a k
- Page 45 and 46:
pain). Lentz et al (1999) revealed
- Page 47 and 48:
These results have also been suppor
- Page 49 and 50:
(McCracken & Iverson, 2002) which s
- Page 51 and 52:
Figure 4. Conceptual model of the d
- Page 53 and 54:
Clinical Implications Despite the p
- Page 55 and 56:
Chapter Three. Sleep in FMS As high
- Page 57 and 58:
& Penzien, 2003), although alpha wa
- Page 59 and 60:
pauses in breathing indicative of s
- Page 61 and 62:
Relationships between Sleep and Pai
- Page 63 and 64:
Managing Sleep Disturbance in FMS D
- Page 65 and 66:
may be possible to help patients im
- Page 67 and 68:
person to initiate an action (such
- Page 69 and 70:
and Nicassio et al (1995) only expl
- Page 71 and 72:
1) Poor sleep quality, defined by t
- Page 73 and 74:
elow 0.7 are acceptable. Therefore
- Page 75 and 76:
heart disease (Epstein et al., 1999
- Page 77 and 78:
In order to explore the links betwe
- Page 79 and 80:
questionnaire 78 (77.2%) of the par
- Page 81 and 82:
efficiency, suggesting that partici
- Page 83 and 84:
Older age and longer length of illn
- Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Correlations between demog
- Page 87 and 88:
Logistic Regression As 97% of the s
- Page 89 and 90:
in bed, participants may have devel
- Page 91 and 92:
Relationship between Negative Affec
- Page 93 and 94:
participants, who may be less likel
- Page 95 and 96:
emotional problems, increased pain
- Page 97 and 98:
eactions are most likely to be detr
- Page 99 and 100:
It has been suggested that the auto
- Page 101 and 102:
For both groups, participants were
- Page 103 and 104:
with and without chronic medical co
- Page 105 and 106:
As previously described on page 61,
- Page 107 and 108:
Figure 7. Scree plot for the explor
- Page 109 and 110:
Figure 8. Scree plot for the explor
- Page 111 and 112:
Table 6. Participant characteristic
- Page 113 and 114:
Table 7. Measures of central tenden
- Page 115 and 116:
CON = DBAS-10 Dysfunctional beliefs
- Page 117 and 118:
The Exp (B) values revealed that hi
- Page 119 and 120:
has explored the use of napping on
- Page 121 and 122:
It became clear, through the analys
- Page 123 and 124:
interventions. With this in mind, t
- Page 125 and 126:
The philosophy of phenomenology was
- Page 127 and 128:
Methods Participants were given a w
- Page 129 and 130:
Table 11. Interview schedule for th
- Page 131 and 132:
Rigour The interview transcripts we
- Page 133 and 134:
“The main symptom is this overwhe
- Page 135 and 136:
Theme Two. Inter-relationship betwe
- Page 137 and 138:
where I live, so I don‟t know, I
- Page 139 and 140:
Participants also described how the
- Page 141 and 142: “XXXX (name of person) planned a
- Page 143 and 144: A strong theme that emerged in this
- Page 145 and 146: conducted at several time points, w
- Page 147 and 148: Chapter Seven. Investigating the Ef
- Page 149 and 150: activities because they no longer f
- Page 151 and 152: Therefore as this was a feasibility
- Page 153 and 154: Self-reported sleep quality was ass
- Page 155 and 156: The progressive muscle relaxation (
- Page 157 and 158: Exploring the baseline data, there
- Page 159 and 160: Consequently, univariate analysis w
- Page 161 and 162: There was no significant correlatio
- Page 163 and 164: people with FMS (Perlis, Giles, Men
- Page 165 and 166: The aim of this study was to explor
- Page 167 and 168: observed in perceived overall sleep
- Page 169 and 170: elaborated on in Chapter Six, which
- Page 171 and 172: Four) revealed that global sleep qu
- Page 173 and 174: Modifications to the Call-Schmidt a
- Page 175 and 176: MBSR programme in people with FMS (
- Page 177 and 178: diagnostic criteria for these sleep
- Page 179 and 180: comprehensive measures to look at t
- Page 181 and 182: References Abad, V. C., Sarinas, P.
- Page 183 and 184: Brand, S., Gerber, M., Beck, J., Ha
- Page 185 and 186: Crofford, L. J., & Demitrack, M. A.
- Page 187 and 188: Goldenberg, D. L., Kaplan, K. H., N
- Page 189 and 190: Johns, M. W. (2002). Sleep propensi
- Page 191: Leung, Y. Y., Ho, K. W., Zhu, T. Y.
- Page 195 and 196: symptoms in healthy subjects; Corre
- Page 197 and 198: approach with illustration to the h
- Page 199 and 200: Thomas, E. N., & Blotman, F. (2010)
- Page 201 and 202: Yunus, M. B., Masi, A. T., & Aldag,
- Page 203 and 204: Appendices Appendix A: Search Strat
- Page 205 and 206: Sleep and Fibromyalgia Syndrome Con
- Page 207 and 208: 190
- Page 209 and 210: The following questions relate to y
- Page 211 and 212: There are lots of ways to try to de
- Page 213 and 214: 42. I try hard to prevent other thi
- Page 215 and 216: During the past month have you had
- Page 217 and 218: Appendix E: Published paper of Stud
- Page 219 and 220: 202
- Page 221 and 222: 204
- Page 223 and 224: 206
- Page 225 and 226: Sleep and Fibromyalgia Syndrome Con
- Page 227 and 228: Appendix H: Participant Questionnai
- Page 229 and 230: Below are 10 statements reflecting
- Page 231 and 232: The questions in this scale ask you
- Page 233 and 234: Appendix I. Published Paper for Stu
- Page 235 and 236: 218
- Page 237 and 238: 220
- Page 239 and 240: 222
- Page 241 and 242: Appendix K. Information Sheet and C
- Page 243 and 244:
Sleep in Fibromyalgia Syndrome Cons
- Page 245 and 246:
Appendix L: Letter of Ethical Appro
- Page 247 and 248:
Appendix M. Letter to GPs for Study
- Page 249 and 250:
What are the side effects of any tr
- Page 251 and 252:
Appendix O: Poster Advertising Stud
- Page 253 and 254:
Appendix Q: Participant Questionnai
- Page 255 and 256:
HAD Scale Read each item and place
- Page 257 and 258:
During the past month have you had
- Page 259 and 260:
Appendix R. Letter from Dr Mark Cro
- Page 261 and 262:
PUBLICATIONS Peer Reviewed Journal
- Page 263:
and panic-like episodes, Faculty of