CONTENTS - ouroboros ponderosa

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;1I11 lilt,. ;lIIilll;tl',..; very (:apacily to nX(lgllizt; its ()wn species is impaired.
i ;lrlllJlIg ;ds() created tllL: potential for rapid environmental destructi()11
;Jlld the domi nation over nature soon bcgan to turn the gn.:cn mantle
111,11 wvered the birthplaces of civilization into harren and lifeless areas.
"Vast regions have changed their aspect completely," estimates Zeuner.
" "Iways to 4uasi-drier condition, since the beginnings of the Neolithic."
t ksnts now occupy most of the areas where the high civilizations once
rr. > Lll islwd, and there is much historical evidence that these early
Ie lrlllations inevitably ruined their environments.
Throughout thc Mediterranean Basin and in the adjoining Near East
",,,I Asia, agriculture turned lush and hospitable lands into dcplcted, dry,
,,,,,I rocky terrain. In Crilias, Plato described Attica as "a skeleton wasted
hy disease," referring to the deforestation of Greece and contrasting it
t(l ,ts earher fIchness. Grazing by goats and sheep, thc first domesticated
,uminants, was a major factor in the denuding of Greece, Lebanon, and
:'>/orth Africa, and the desertitication of the Roman and Mesopotamian
l'mplrcs.
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Another, Iore immediate impact of agriculture, brought to light
'lIcreasIngly 10 recent years, involved the physical well-being of its
sllbJeets. Ltc and Dtvore's researches show that "the diet of gathering
"copies was far bcttcr than that of cultivators, that starvation is rare, that
lhe,r health status was generally superior, and that there is a lower
incidence of chronic disease." Conversely, Farb summarized, "Production
provides an inferior diet based on a limited number of foods is much
less reliable because of blights and the vagaries of weather, and is much
more costly in terms of human labor expended."
Thc new field of paleopathology has reached even more emphatic
wnc1uslOns, stressIng, as docs Angel, the "sharp decline in growth and
Ilutnl!on caused by the changeover from food gathering to food
production." Earlier conclusions about life span have also been revised.
Ithough eyewitness Spanish accounts of the sixteenth century tell of
I'londa Indian fathers seeing their fifth generation before passing away,
It was long beheved that primitive people died in their 30s and 40s.
Robson, Boyden and others have dispelled the confusion of longevity
WIth hfe expectancy and discovered that current hunter-gathcrers, barring
injury and severe mtectlOn, often outlive their civilized contemporaries.
Dunng tne mdustrial age only fairly recently did life span lengthen for
the speCIes, and It IS now widely recognized that in Paleolithic times
humans wre long-lived animals, once certain risks were passed. De Vries
IS correct In hiS Judgment that duration of life dropped sharply upon
contact with civilization.
. I,dwlnd()sis and diarrheal disc:.tsc had to await the risc of farming,
11H";ISks alld hubonic plague the appearance of large cities," wrot Jared
I ) """. ""I. Malaria. probably the single greatest killer of humanrty, and
)"·,,, Iv all other infectious diseases are thc heritage of agriculture.
N"I ,itional and degenerativc diseases in general appear with the reign of
d, Il nestication and culture. Cancer, coronary thrombosis, anemia, dental
• . " il's, and mental disorders arc but a few of the hallmarks of agriculture;
I " l'Viously women gave birth with no difficulty and little or no pain.
!'eople were far more alive in all their senses. !Kung San, reportcd
IU I. Post, have heard a single-engine plane while It was stili 70 m,les
"way, and many of them can see four moons at JupIter WIth the naked
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('ye. The summary judgment of Harris and Ross, as to "an overall declIne
'" the qualityand probably in the lengthof human life among farmers
as compared with earlier hunter-gatherer groups," is understated.
One of the most persistent and universal ideas is that there was once
" Golden Age of innocence before history began. Hesiod, fo instance,
,eferred to the "life-sustaining soil, which yielded its COpiOUS fruIts
""hribcd by toiL" Eden was clearly the home of the hunter gatherers and
the yearning expressed by thc historical images ot p . aradlse must have
heen that of disillusioned tillers of the soil for a lost hfe of treedom and
relative ease.
The historv of civilization shows the increasing displacement of nature
from huma; experience, characterized in part by a narrowing of food
choices. According to Rooney, prehistoric peoples found sustenance 10
over 1500 species of wild plants , whereas "All civilizations," Wenkc
reminds us," have been based on the cultivation of one or more of Just
six plant species: wheat, barley, millet, rice, maize, and potatos . . "
It is a striking truth that over the centuries "the number ot different
edible foods which are actually eaten," Pykc points out, "has steadily
dwindled." The world's population now depends for most of its subsis­
tence on only about 20 genera of plants while their natural strarns are
replaced by artificial hybrids and the genetic pool of these plants be­
comes far less varied.
The diversity of food tends to disappear or tlatten out as the propor­
tion of manufactured foods increases. Today the very same arhcies of
diet are distrihuted worldwide, so that an Inuit Eskimo and an African
may soon be eating powdered milk manufactured in Wisconsi or frozen
fish sticks from a single factory in Sweden. A lew big multlllationals such
as Unilever the world's biggest food production company, preSIde over
a highly intgrated scrvice system in which the ohject is not to nourish
or even to feed, but to force an ever-increasing consumphon of tabncat-
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