CONTENTS - ouroboros ponderosa

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j 'NH INI/,\ Ilf I,"'J IN ,'\1\11 1,lt \ 11I/{'/ t' a n a sense of respo .'b'I . . oy th,s tIme, nSI however, I Ity ' III man the y m ranks ore .... " with employers the CIa, were peacefully signed up In March 1937, alter three months Myron 0 f Taylor secret signed negotiations, . a rec oglll US 't' Ion Steel's agreement with L . ' ""ny Industrialists impressed eWIS, typIfying with CIa u . the I . deW'am setulness. reported The . that New "tw 0 York tOO World. manclers lI11ercsts closely said ide Ihey n t I T .le d had WIth . on I Morgan I Y ' .cwis praISe ... apparently and admiration thoroughl Y for III acc Mr ill"ustrial ord on the oroanization main Iheme
III;I/ln; Ililt l 1 iiI" II 11\\111 1i,llId; , " wlull' .Iuhll I )lllIlllp_ I ,' ..;dll:-.ivt" h:lIg;lilllll1', ;11',1"111 slalus. or the closed shop, is Iht' primarv IlislituliPIi hv wllich Illl' lI11itllJ t'nforces control of the wllrf...crs, (;oldclI :",,1 I{ultt'llherg, two SWOC officials, cantlitlly argue in 'IIII' f)ynllmic.\· or /1II/lIs'ri,,/ f)enwcmcy that unions neetl power anti responsibility to "",illiain discipline. With the closed shop, the union acquires, in effect, III(' power to fire unruly members; if a member is dropped from the IIIIjoll, he is dropped from his job. Golden and Ruttenberg, as so many other union spokesmen, point out that the union is likely to make noise ""lil it gains the closed shop arrangement, and that management rapidly COllie'S to see the need for a strong (closed shop) union, in the interest "I' a contained work force. The price of cooperation is thus the closed shop, and it satisfies both union and management. By I 93R, according to Brooks, only a "small minority" of employers "pposed collective bargaining as guaranteed by the Wagner Act. It t",mmes ea.;,y to sec why. Union leaders were "anxious to demonstrate 10 I he management their responsibility, and their willingness to accept III(' burdcn of 'selling' the contract to the rank·and-file and keeping the di"jdcnts in line," according to consultants Sayles and Straus. As business carne increasingly to the awareness of unions as indispens' ahk 10 the maintenance of a relatively stable and docile labor supply, the rallks of labor exhibited more and more dissatisfaction with "their" new organizations. The 1945 Trends in Collective Bargaining study noted that "hy around 1940" the labor leader had joined the business leader as an Ilh.ict of "widespread cynicism" to the American worker. Similarly, Dougherty reported that workers were chafing under the lack of st ructural democracy in the unions: "There was evidence, by the end of I ')40, that the rank and file were growing restive under such conditions." Workers, after some initial enthusiasm and hopefulness regarding the (·to, were starting to feel the "closed system" nature of compulsory ,,"ions. In discussing union-management cooperation in the steel i"dustry, CIa officials Golden and Ruttenberg admitted, for example, Ihat "to some workers" the cooperation only added up in practice to "a vi{'julls speed-up," Thus we return to the issue uppermost in the minds of industrial ","rkers in the 1930s struggles. And Richard Lester seems to be quite WHect in concluding that "the industrial government jointly established" I'"ssesses "disciplinary arrangements advantageous to management, II' ,"kring worker rebellions more and more difficult." --' " • . J • > .' , '. ' '. ORGANIZED LABOR VS. "THE REVOLT AGAINST WORK" Serious commentators on the labor upheavals of the Depression years seem to agree that disturbances of all kinds, including the wave of sitdown strikes of 1936 and 1937, wcre caused by the "speed-up" above all.' Dissatisfaction among production workers with their new CIa unions set in early, however, mainly because the unions made no efforts to challenge management's right to cstablish whatever kind of work methods and working conditions they saw fit. The 1945 Trends in Collective Bargaining study noted that "by around 1940" Ihe labor leader had joined the business leader as an object of "widespread cynicism" to the American employee .' Later in the 1940s C. Wright Mills, in his 'J)" New Men of Power: America's Labor l"eaders, described the union's role thusly: "the integration of union with plant means that the union takes over much of the company's personnel work, becoming the discipline agent of thc rank-and-fiIe."; . In the mid-1950s, Daniel Bell realized that unionization had not gIVen workers control over their job lives. Struck by the huge, spontaneous walk-out at River Rouge in July, 1949, over the speed of the Ford assembly line, he noted that "sometimes the constraints of work explode with geyser SUddenness.'" And as Bell's Work and Its Discontents (1956) bore witness that "the revolt against work is widespread and takes many forms,'" so had Walker and Guest's Harvard study, Th e Man on the Assembly Line (1953), testified to the resentment and resistance of the men on the line. Similarly, and from a writer with much working class experience himself, was Harvey Swados' "The Myth of the Happy Worker," published in The Nation, August, 1957. Workers and the unions continued to be at odds over conditions of work during this period. In auto, for example, the 1955 contract between the United Auto Workers and General Motors did nothing to check the "speed-up " or facilitate the settlement of local shop grievances. Immedi· ately after Walter Reuther made public the terms of the contract he'd just signed, over 70% of GM workers went on strike. An even larger percentage "wildcatted" after the signing of the 1958 agreement because
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!\cknowleJgcmcnts Many people provi
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, 'II and domination, With the adva
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NUMBER: ITS ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION Ih
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the quantum theory, is that which i
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'1'111 CASI'. ;\"AINSI ;\1{1 reflec
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critique at best. Frequently compar
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AGRICULTURE Agriculture, the indisp
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I'anlll:rs starvTd ;tiS() kslil ' y
Page 39 and 40: SII Many thcories havc been advance
Page 41 and 42: \( ;]Z]( ' [ il.l'! IIZI cd, proces
Page 43 and 44: PART TWO
Page 45 and 46: INDI)STRIAIJSM ANI> i)(lMJSrJ('ATH
Page 47 and 48: INI)[ IS'II
Page 49 and 50: 11111 INIHI .... ,I";\ ] 1.'\1\.1 .
Page 51 and 52: IIJ.I INIHISII' Ir\I.lSM ANI ) 1)(I
Page 53 and 54: IllS dismayed hy the rash of strike
Page 55 and 56: ';' AXIS POINT OF AMERICAN INDUSTRI
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Page 61 and 62: 11·1 AXIS , 'c lIN l" eJl- ;\r\II-
Page 63 and 64: A.\I\ I't liNT Ill- !\r-.1 I·11(
Page 65 and 66: THE PRACTICAL MARX Karl Marx is alw
Page 67 and 68: 1'111 " IL\( 'II( ,\ 1 MAle, revolu
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Page 71 and 72: - .. ORIGINS AND MEANING OF WWI Wor
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Page 97 and 98: I II" arhilralnr Rohcrt I ':. Burns
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Page 103 and 104: . " IS AN IJ Wi tH .... :\ NJ ) 111
Page 105 and 106: important local collahorativL: setu
Page 107 and 108: THE PROMISE OF THE '80s For many, t
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Page 121 and 122: I ' THE '80s SO FAR " rom new lcvel
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Page 125 and 126: , . , , ) " TI ll' 'OS SI ) " ,\1,
Page 127 and 128: PI'.! '.1 -N I I' \' "H I \ I I 1 I
Page 129 and 130: ,. MEDIA, IRONY AND "BOB" It is not
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Page 133 and 134: I'( )HM ANI ) ('()Nrl-NT IN 1, ' 1
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S6. White, qUOh.:d ill Kulik, ("/ I
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,(0)) ,. T,lylm, op. ("if., p. J..I
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2J.. l'red ('ouk, " l lanl ! LlL.,;
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Appendix: Excerpts from Adventures
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NUCLEAR MADNESS ... VIOLENCE AGAINS
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If it's humiliating to be ruled, ho
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CONTENTS - ouroboros ponderosa

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