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'; ("rc dN" ·\ NJ , 1\.1 1 .\ NINI , ()l \V WI of C()L11l (kss works is V it; nlla 's sl r:lIIg(" ;lI lIlo. ... phl" 1(· t)' · · .... Ollll·' hi II}'. ("nrll i II visihly tll an nd ." Hofsthmallllthal's I'Jl'klra nil·s . .. ( 'an (Jill' Iir'cay Ii . .. a rotten corpse'!" His slriking play of the ,alll lIam is thl ' perkl'l artifact of imperial Vienna, in its vision of disaste r. III fact, the drama is an extremely apt allcgory of Europe at large, portraying the obsessiVl' need for a bloodletting out of a terror of death. As Norman Stonc put it, "Official circles in Austria-Hungary calculated general conflict in Europe was their only alternative to civil war. , ," Thus the ultimatum served on Serbia, following the death by Serbians of Franz Ferdinand, was merely a pretext for war with Russia and that general conflict. War was declared on Scrbia, with the corresponding involvemcnt of Russia, despite the acceptance of the ultimatum; Serbia's capitulation, widely hailed as Austria's "hrilliant diplomatic coup," therefore meant nothing. The immense significance of Austria's internal problems dcmanded war and a more complete reliance on its perennial school of civic virtues, the Hapsburg army. Very critical to the Success of this tactic was the organizational hegemony of the Marxian mass party over the working classes. The Austrian Social Democratic Party, most degenerate of the Euro p ean left, was actually committed to the maintenance of the monarchy and its federative reorganization." When war came, it was billed as an unavoidable defense against the menacing eastern behemoth, Russia. The left, of course , cast its parliamentary votes in favor of war and immediately instituted war measures against work stoppages and other forms of insubordination. Although some Czechs threw down their arms upon being ordered against Russia, hostilities were initiated without serious resistancc." But, in the worlds of Arthur May, "Disaffection and discontent among the rank and file" took only months before thc prosecution of the war was "seriously affected."" Food riots were common by 1915 and had spread to the heart of Vienna by late 1916. Professor Josef Redlich's journal recorded that the popUlation seemed pleased when Prime Minister Strugkh was shot to death by a renegadc Socialist in October 1916. The Social Democratic Party was completely dedicated, meanwhile, to the "cooperation of all classes," and it organized Scores of peace meetings-not of an antiwar variety, but to restrain the masses from breaches of the "domestic pcace. "18 With people wearied, bled dry by fo ur years of apocalypse, rule was preserved following the collapse of the dynasty by the remaining servants of power. The Social Democrats continued their basic role with the , , ' .! , , ',: 1 I '.I I· MI'N"'\ ( 'I · RI · J· ( IS.-\I I ,I') . ('J , ' , ('q(l:olly ;(llli-rl'vIlI(lllllll"ry , ll lStl,1Il '. I) ·moerats· and were to govern ' , ' '\ . , (lst , I :I 1 m I .' e ye,1 .. rs " parallelong on many e ways that postwar prelude to ' . . 1 ;('J'I11"1I NatIonal SoCla ' r ,sm, the We,mar R epu bll'c . In Hunoary 0 ' SIX . , "" >I1ths ot SOCial ' 0 emocr at'c " rule was C .0 II owe ' d by the bureaucratlc- . . '"Ialltanan e t'f' orts 0 f B e la Kun s H unganan . SovI'et Republic (with Lukacs :0' Commissar of Culture); four mon th of this Leninist failure were (,Ilough to usher in the Horthy regIme, w at was to be a quarter-century .. I' reaction. . . f R I War, 10 th e casc 0 ussla , d'd not prevent a revolution from occur- . nng, ' b ut I 't s mam . moth ravages d' IC t a t e d the instant deformation 01 . t h at . . revolution-the VictOry 01 the Bolshcvik . project. The class structure 0 f . Romanov society was t 00 bankrupt to avol 'd deml'se' , Z . A . B . Zeman "amazin ease of the dynastic collapse in w rote, o RUSSia. But the II 'n p !r:I:let1 destrction and suffering of the milli ns : examplc of combatants (and non-com b atan t s ). 111 1 'tself . rendered a whole, breathlllg rcvolution impossible. . . H garian declaratIon a , The Austro- un enabled a barely sufficien: respo: arms; Pan-Slavlsm, not Czansm' :e f war on small Slavic Serbia t h Krcmlin's consequent call to I:st pro-war chord that could be d . Russia's war with Japan had successfully struck by a doomc , rcg l m rfer m ent i n to calmer, patriotic been a clear attempt to dl r n: ution. In 1914, only a victorious channels; defeat sct off the war could conceivably offer hope for the status quo. Barring war, "within a short time, . " as G erm any's Pnnce von B u low wrote , "revolution would . . have broken out in Russia, where It was np e since the death of Alexan- der III in 1894,"w From 1909, vanous mtcrna . t' to n I incidents and crises, mainly in North WI th Africa and the Balkans, arose r e g ularity to try to divert popular attention in Europe f rom the gathenng socia ' I cnSIS. " Throughout the West, authonty was deep l y on the defensive in this final period, and . . RUSSia IS no t an exceplion. . ' smce at I ea, 'st 1 "09 7 state weakness was a . . . glanng constant. B y then the memones . 0 f' post -1 905 repression were . f· a d' lIlg and "the tcmpcr 0 f thc factory workers was turning revolutIonary . 21 A d d' ontcnt was rising even faster d ue again," accordmg to Taylor. r? IC the regime following Stolypin's to the more reactionary po lles 0 assassination in 1 911 . : h n k of the Lena gold fields were l l : : attackcd by troops i of s 111 avagery not only failed to p cow the oppressed, but n f i; aroused workers all over Russia to a , ;n act I new wave of challeng· e two ears before the war, the curve of social disorder stea dI y m u ed , maning that another year of peace . would surely have secn ncw and even more senous . u pheavals .
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!\cknowleJgcmcnts Many people provi
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i, II)l} Nl'W YUI k, Nl'W York 1'1
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nllill 1:\ 11tlll·II()IIJ.III(l"';
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II, ;111 illll'lIl alld strategy: t
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, 'II and domination, With the adva
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LANt jLI\(jL ORl
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- Page 29 and 30: the quantum theory, is that which i
- Page 31 and 32: '1'111 CASI'. ;\"AINSI ;\1{1 reflec
- Page 33 and 34: critique at best. Frequently compar
- Page 35 and 36: AGRICULTURE Agriculture, the indisp
- Page 37 and 38: I'anlll:rs starvTd ;tiS() kslil ' y
- Page 39 and 40: SII Many thcories havc been advance
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- Page 43 and 44: PART TWO
- Page 45 and 46: INDI)STRIAIJSM ANI> i)(lMJSrJ('ATH
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- Page 51 and 52: IIJ.I INIHISII' Ir\I.lSM ANI ) 1)(I
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, . , , ) " TI ll' 'OS SI ) " ,\1,
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PI'.! '.1 -N I I' \' "H I \ I I 1 I
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,. MEDIA, IRONY AND "BOB" It is not
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" c' • n', " .' ' . , .f.: . ' ,'
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I'( )HM ANI ) ('()Nrl-NT IN 1, ' 1
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!-"I mr"" l\ NI ) ( " 'N / I -N ' I
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.) /f, N( )JI' , . : lIlllH:r H{Tk
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J%6), p. 3t1, n. 1.1. N( )II ', 48.
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S6. White, qUOh.:d ill Kulik, ("/ I
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,(0)) ,. T,lylm, op. ("if., p. J..I
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2J.. l'red ('ouk, " l lanl ! LlL.,;
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Appendix: Excerpts from Adventures
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NUCLEAR MADNESS ... VIOLENCE AGAINS
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If it's humiliating to be ruled, ho