1.1.' .'\.\1. ... Pf IINI f )J- A t,,1 I 1lt ·,\N INI)[ 1'. I I".-\l I'I\.1 Despite arson, ahscllkeism, stealing, :llld s;[holagl' pl'rsisfillg wi l li particular emphasis into the 1830s," the march of industriali/ali'''1 proceeded in textiles as elsewhere. If, as Inkdes and Smit h" (alllou others) have contended, a prime element of modernity is the amount of time spent in factories, the 1820s was indeed a watershed. "Certainly by 1825 the first stage of the industrialization of the Uniled States was over,"" in Cochran's estimation. In 1820, factories were capitalizcd to $50,000,000; by 1840, to $250,000,000, and the number of people working in them had more than doubled." Also by the 1820s the whole dircction of specialized bureaucratic control, realized a generation later in such large corporations as the railroads, had already become clear.77 As the standardizing, quasi-military machinc replaced the individual's tools, it provided authority with an invaluable, "objective" ally against "disorder." Not coincidentally did modern mass politics also labor to implant itself in the 1820s: political hegemony, as a necessary part of social power, had also failed to fully resolve the issue in its favor in the struggles of the carly republic.78 Conflict of all kinds was rampant, and a "terrible precariousness,"" in Page Smith's phrase, characterized the cohesion of national power. In fact, by the early 1820s a virtual break down of the legitimacy of traditional rule by informal elites was underway and a serious restructuring of American politics was required. Part of the restructuring dealt with law, in a parallel to the social meaning of technology: "neutral" universal principles came to the fore to justify increased coercion. Modern bourgeois society was forced to rely on an increasingly obj ectified legal system, which rcnected, at base, the progress of division of labor. It must, in David Grimsted's words, "elevate law because of what it is creating and what it has to destroy."'" By the time of Jackson's ascendancy in the late 1820s, America had become largdy a government of laws not men (though juries mitigated legality), despite the unpopularity of this development as seen, for example, in the widespread scorn of lawyers 81 Along with the need to mobilize the lower orders into industrial work it was important to greatly increase political participation in the interest of legitimizing the whole. Although by the mid-IS20s almost every state had extended the franchise to include all white males, the numbers of voters remained very low during the decade." By this time newspapers had prolIferated and were playing a key role in workina toward the critical integration achieved with Jackson and new, ass political machinery. In 1826, a workingman was chosen for the first time as a mayoral i ! 1 ·.1 I'MI·N I f n· 1
11·1 AXIS , 'c lIN l" eJl- ;\r\II- I
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!\cknowleJgcmcnts Many people provi
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i, II)l} Nl'W YUI k, Nl'W York 1'1
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nllill 1:\ 11tlll·II()IIJ.III(l"';
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II, ;111 illll'lIl alld strategy: t
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- Page 13 and 14: ;II'ltlptl,\ is lliis Slllllilli ll
- Page 15 and 16: LANt jLI\(jL ORl
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- Page 19 and 20: ' . 1 ' II, \IJ ) 1\ 11 ,\NINr , di
- Page 21 and 22: NUMBER: ITS ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION Ih
- Page 23 and 24: I ,' " NI IlHJ l{. II'. ()IUI ;)N .
- Page 25 and 26: Nllr\II\I Ie ITS ()J..:lt ilN ,\ NI
- Page 27 and 28: NI If\II1I 'H: IT ()I,lf jIN .\NI )
- Page 29 and 30: the quantum theory, is that which i
- Page 31 and 32: '1'111 CASI'. ;\"AINSI ;\1{1 reflec
- Page 33 and 34: critique at best. Frequently compar
- Page 35 and 36: AGRICULTURE Agriculture, the indisp
- Page 37 and 38: I'anlll:rs starvTd ;tiS() kslil ' y
- Page 39 and 40: SII Many thcories havc been advance
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- Page 43 and 44: PART TWO
- Page 45 and 46: INDI)STRIAIJSM ANI> i)(lMJSrJ('ATH
- Page 47 and 48: INI)[ IS'II
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- Page 51 and 52: IIJ.I INIHISII' Ir\I.lSM ANI ) 1)(I
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- Page 65 and 66: THE PRACTICAL MARX Karl Marx is alw
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- Page 71 and 72: - .. ORIGINS AND MEANING OF WWI Wor
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- Page 101 and 102: Ti ll ' I{H'I I'." 1 II' '1"1 '( li
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J.) ·1 undcr-s pply u . cpitc a 6
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i\ flllllH"I" 1H"ISIHTlivl' lHI (i,
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"u. 'rilL PH( )M1SI ". (H' Ti ll' '
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Sl" H'I";tI di ... ·d rllsl nf ins
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· . , " " " ' ''' ''" .. ' " " " "
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I ' THE '80s SO FAR " rom new lcvel
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Ti ll ' 'xu .... :'-,( ) 1-",\ 1, t
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, . , , ) " TI ll' 'OS SI ) " ,\1,
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PI'.! '.1 -N I I' \' "H I \ I I 1 I
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,. MEDIA, IRONY AND "BOB" It is not
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" c' • n', " .' ' . , .f.: . ' ,'
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I'( )HM ANI ) ('()Nrl-NT IN 1, ' 1
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!-"I mr"" l\ NI ) ( " 'N / I -N ' I
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.) /f, N( )JI' , . : lIlllH:r H{Tk
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J%6), p. 3t1, n. 1.1. N( )II ', 48.
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S6. White, qUOh.:d ill Kulik, ("/ I
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,(0)) ,. T,lylm, op. ("if., p. J..I
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2J.. l'red ('ouk, " l lanl ! LlL.,;
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Appendix: Excerpts from Adventures
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NUCLEAR MADNESS ... VIOLENCE AGAINS
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If it's humiliating to be ruled, ho