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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is the study of the interaction that occurs among electronic systems when energy is radiated from an emitter through electromagnetic fields or is conducted via voltages or currents, and it is received by an appliance. The reception of unwanted energy occurs frequently via unintended methods and from different sources, however the interference only occurs when it causes an undesired behaviour in the receiver. Three aspects are matter of concern to the EMC: generation, transmission and reception of electromagnetic energy. These three aspects are related to a source (or emitter), a coupling path where the energy is transferred, and a receiver (Fig. 1.1). Source Coupling path Receiver Figure 1.1: Decomposition of EMC problem There are different sources of electromagnetic waves with wide spectral content, both in Nature such as lightning or cosmic waves, and in man-made appliances, for example DC motors or fluorescent light. Sources of limited spectral content are mostly related to man-created devices like transmitters, where the desired output must be concentrated in a limited part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Nowadays, in addition to these, power converters due to their large dV/dt transitions, are becoming another important source of unwanted radiations that can easily interfere with other devices. The transfer mechanism can be broken down in two different kinds, radiated and conducted, depending on whether the energy is passed through radio signals, in which the coupling path is the material between the two devices, or via the interconnecting ca- bles, where the coupling path is the conductive connection shared by the source and 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION the receiver. The topology of the energy transfer can be either emissions or susceptibil- ity, depending on whether the focus of the study is on the generated noise or on the received one. Historically, the first organization to introduce standards to limit the electromagnetic pollution was the Comité International Special des Perturbationd Radioelectriques (CISPR), founded in 1934, now part of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its inten- tion was initially just to protect the sound broadcast services; however nowadays all electronic equipment is both very sensitive to EMI and can produce interference at high frequencies because its internal signals (e.g. clock signals) have frequency in the order of several Mega Hertz. Because of this, now, numerous national and international orga- nizations issue norms related to various aspects of EMC based upon CISPR expertise, limiting specific EMI emissions for internal use by individual countries and organiza- tions, such as armed forces or large corporations. Manufacturers of electric apparatus and systems must comply with the national standards before being allowed to access the market [2]. Standards define the admissible emissions, the measuring setup, the testing circuit lay- out and the source impedance too. Standards are in continuous evolution, trying to match as close as possible the real conditions that an equipment will find on the field. However this is not an easy task; for example to standardize the test procedure a LISN is usually specified as a source impedance, but its 50 Ohm impedance are not always a good approximation for the generator source impedance, for power converters usually it is much lower. This could lead to a design for an equipment that will pass the lab test because it will be designed to accomplish the standard, but when tested in the real environment it will fail because the actual test conditions will be much different. Electronic systems that are electromagnetically compatible with their environment im- plies that they do not produce nor are they susceptible to interference, or in other terms, they must satisfy three criteria [10]: • It does not cause interference with other systems. • It is not susceptible to emissions from other systems. • It does not cause interference with itself. This in not important just for a functional performance, it is also a legal requirement that must be satisfied before the appliance can be sold, therefore EMC design have become an integral part of any equipment design. 2
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CHAPTER 4: MOTOR AND MATRIX CONVERT
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CHAPTER 4: MOTOR AND MATRIX CONVERT
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5.1 Introduction CHAPTER 5 EMI Meas
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS Level:
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS will tr
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS iA iB I
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS I[dBµA
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS Motor c
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS I[dBµA
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CHAPTER 5: EMI MEASUREMENTS CM Volt
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CHAPTER 6: SIMULATIONS OF INPUT AND
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78 Figure 6.7: Complete HF model Po
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CHAPTER 7 Filter Design and realiza
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CHAPTER 7: FILTER DESIGN AND REALIZ
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CHAPTER 8 Filter realization and ex
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CHAPTER 8: FILTER REALIZATION AND E
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CHAPTER 9 Conclusions and Further w
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APPENDIX A Scientific Publications
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B.1 C code APPENDIX B External DLL
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APPENDIX B: EXTERNAL DLL Tseq_Pulse
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APPENDIX B: EXTERNAL DLL B.2 MAST c
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References [1] RTCA Incorporated. R
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REFERENCES nious drives. In Europea
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REFERENCES [48] D.F. Knurek. Reduci
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