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To meet thermoregulatory demands associated with northern winters, turkeys must increase food consumption, reduce energy expenditure, or use energy reserves (Pekins 2007). When snow limits availability of ground forage (e.g., corn and acorns) or agricultural foods are unavailable, turkeys are forced to use foods of lower nutritional value and energy content (Pekins 2007). In diet characterized by negative energy balance, juvenile hens are the first to succumb (because they have the smallest energy reserves), followed by adult hens (Porter et al. 1983, Roberts and Porter 1996, Pekins 2007). In this study, I will evaluate wild turkey food habits during winter on the northern fringe of their range in Minnesota. I will specifically investigate the association of agriculture and snow conditions with food habits and body condition. Objectives 1. Determine winter foods used by wild turkeys on the northern fringe of their range in Minnesota. 2. Describe diet as a function of agriculture and snow conditions. 3. Compare body condition of wild turkeys with access to high-energy diets to those without. Study Areas This study will be conducted north of Minnesota‟s ancestral wild turkey range (Leopold 1931) where wild turkey populations have been recently established (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2006). This region is located within the Western Superior Uplands (WSU) and Northern Minnesota Drift and Lake Plain (MDL) Ecological Sections of the Laurentian Mixed Forest Ecological Province (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2003). The 25,959 km 2 study area is comprised of 35% upland deciduous forest, 31% crop/grass, 16% aquatic environment, 10% shrubland, 4% upland conifer forest, 2% lowland conifer forest, 2% lowland deciduous forest, 1% non-vegetated (GAP Land Cover Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2008). This area includes the following counties; Becker, Clearwater, Mahnomen, Hubbard, Ottertail, Wadena, Cass, Crow Wing, Morrison, Todd, Benton, Aitkin, Mille Lacs, Kanabec, Isanti, Carlton, Pine, and Chisago. The mean annual snowfall for this region from 1971-2000 ranged from 100 to 127 cm per year, and averaged 40 days per year with snowfall accumulations of 30 cm or greater. The mean winter temperature (December – February) from 1971 – 2000 was –12 C (Minnesota Climatology Working Group 2008). Methods I will evaluate food habits in relation to snow condition and habitat type by examining crop and gizzard contents of wild turkeys collected during 2 winters (December 2008 – March 2009 and December 2009 – March 2010). Using a fixed wing aircraft, I will locate wild turkey flocks using a random sampling strategy that will be stratified by presence/absence of agricultural foods and presence/absence of snow conditions that limit mobility. A small number of birds (e.g., 1 – 5 turkeys) from each flock will be collected in late afternoon or early evening, when crops are most likely to be full (Hillerman et al. 1953), by shooting. Date, snow depth, snow condition (e.g., crusted vs. powder snow), temperature, habitat class, and geographic coordinates will be recorded at each collection site. 2009 Conservation Program Report Page 218
I will determine frequency of occurrence and volume of food items present in the crops and gizzards according to the methods of Korschgen (1967). Although, Hurst (1992) considered crop content analysis the best technique for evaluating wild turkey food habits, it is negatively biased toward succulent foods and soft-bodied invertebrates, which are digested more rapidly than hard and fibrous food items. In this study, bias should be minimal because few succulent foods are available during winter. I will compare foods consumed between habitats with and without agricultural foods present and between snow conditions that limit turkey mobility. I plan to collect 75-100 turkeys per winter, for a total of 150-200 turkeys over the 2-year study to capture temporal shifts in food consumption and provide adequate sample size. Decker et al. (1991) described 3 classes of winter diet available to wild turkeys based on forage availability and snow conditions: (1) complete access to ground forage (e.g., acorn/corn dominated diets); (2) moderate access to ground forage (e.g., fruiting shrub dominated diet); (3) and restricted access to ground forage (e.g., tree/seep dominated). I will classify the diet of each collected turkey according to the Decker et al. (1991) system, and relate diet to presence of agricultural food and snow conditions using appropriate regression analyses (e.g., multinomial logit models for dominant food types, mixed effects models or generalized estimating equations for modeling volume or presence-absence of multiple food types; McCullagh and Nelder 1989, Pinheiro and Bates 2000). I will evaluate body condition of each collected turkey based on deviation from normal body weight (Pekin 2007), and visual keel fat measurements. Finally, I will attempt to describe the direct and indirect (mediated by diet) effects of agricultural food (presence/absence) and snow conditions on body condition. Activity Schedule Activity/Year J F M A M J J A S O N D Aerial survey 2008 – 2010 Collect turkeys 2008-2010 Food habit analysis 2008 - 2010 Data Summary 2009 -2010 Final Report 2010 Literature Cited x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Austin, D. E., and L. W. DeGraff. 1975. Winter survival of wild turkeys in the southern Adirondacks. Proceedings of the National Wild Turkey Symposium 3:55-60. Decker, S. R., P. J. Pekins, and W. W. Mautz. 1991. Nutritional evaluation of winter foods of wild turkeys. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2128-2132. Healy, W. M. 1992. Behavior. Pages 46-65 in J. G. Dickson, editor. The wild turkey: biology and management. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA. Page 219 2009 Conservation Program Report x x
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This document is made available ele
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Camp Ripley and Arden Hills Minneso
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Program Overview ..................
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Conservation
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In 2009, the environmental team gav
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Figure 1. Location of Camp Ripley a
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land use activities between militar
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all of the buildings on AHATS have
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Figure 3. Forest stands re-inventor
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Figure 4. Forest Inventory and Anal
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Figure 5. Location of timber sales
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Table 4. Timber sale summary at Cam
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2009 Sales Hodgden Logging B011023
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Specific information regarding thes
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Figure 10. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT Ca
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Figure 11. Fire units burned for ec
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Camp Ripley and Arden Hills Army Tr
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Figure 14. Picture of the large sca
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Figure 17. Results from spraying a
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techniques, to current 2009 updates
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Figure 20. Total phosphorus results
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Totals and Trends Camp Ripley provi
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The ovenbird, one of the most commo
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methodology were also considered, h
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shrubland/grassland sparrow was hig
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Woods (3 single boxes) and Camp Rip
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Figure 26. Wood duck nesting box lo
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Figure 28. Bald eagle nests at and
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Figure 29. Owl survey route at Camp
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Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus
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Figure 33. Red-shouldered hawk call
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Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) Ruf
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Figure 37. Ruffed grouse drumming s
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(Helianthus spp.), and grass (Poa s
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Table 11. Gray wolves captured at C
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Figure 40. Locations for Wolf #31 a
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Wolf Mortalities Wolf #28 was first
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monitoring of reproduction and cub
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Figure 44. Bear #2079‟s (7 year o
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Figure 45. Bear #2081‟s home rang
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Scent Post Survey The MNDNR has con
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Cougar (Puma concolor) and Canada L
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Figure 50. Cougar and Canada lynx d
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Ground and aerial tracking were use
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Figure 51. Calculated 90% minimum c
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Many problem areas can be addressed
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Figure 54. Locations of ANABAT surv
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Table 16. Summary of Blanding‟s t
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Figure 56. Observations and nest lo
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Figure 59. Precipitation (inches) a
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Figure 62. Anuran survey routes at
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Table 17. Anuran survey index data
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Grassland plots (n=7) contained 20
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Average Number of Species per Plot
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Henslow’s sparrow (Ammodramus hen
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large (See Hunting Programs section
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Table 22. Small mammal live trappin
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and was completed by 3:30 PM. Surve
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Table 24. Bird species observed at
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Lake Allot is managed for a wide di
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Complete details regarding the ACUB
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Figure 72. Camp Ripley ACUB fiscal
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Range and Training Land Assessment
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Figure 73. Farmstead mitigation sit
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A natural resource damage assessmen
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UTILIZATION Derived Digital Terrain
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HUNTING PROGRAMS Camp Ripley has ha
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Table 32. Deployed soldier‟s arch
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Table 34. General public archery wh
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AHATS Volunteer Archery Deer Hunt T
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2009 Conservation Program Report RE
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Koper, N. and R. J. Brooks. 2000. E
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U.S. Department of Agriculture. 200
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Section INRMP Goal INRMP Ensure ade
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Section INRMP Goal Section INRMP Go
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Section INRMP Goal 2009 Conservatio
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Section INRMP Goal Forestry Emphasi
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Section INRMP Goal Forestry Monitor
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Section INRMP Goal Goal Created Sec
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Section INRMP Goal Land Use Minimiz
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Section INRMP Goal Wildlife Monitor
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Section INRMP Goal Wildlife Monitor
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Section INRMP Goal Fisheries Contin
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Section INRMP Goal 2009 Conservatio
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Section INRMP Goal RTLA Provide inf
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Section INRMP Goal GIS Maintain har
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Section INRMP Goal TRI Provide mili
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Section INRMP Goal SRA Instill a se
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Page 186 and 187: 2009 Conservation Program Report RT
Page 188 and 189: Section INRMP Goal Goal Created TRI
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Page 194 and 195: 2009 Conservation Program Report FI
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Page 198 and 199: 2009 Conservation Program Report Pa
Page 208 and 209: 2. Opening Remarks. COL Weaver welc
Page 210 and 211: 4. Fifteen of the most hazardous fa
Page 212 and 213: Natural Resources: There was an inf
Page 220 and 221: 2008 Minnesota Statutes 190.25 LAND
Page 222 and 223: 2009 Conservation Program Report BY
Page 224 and 225: d. Old business e. New business f.
Page 228 and 229: # of ECS subsections Tax Scientific
Page 236 and 237: Hillerman, J. P., F. H. Kratzer, an
Page 240 and 241: Principal Investigator: Dr. John Kr
Page 242 and 243: 3. Determine characteristics used b
Page 244 and 245: calculated following Kuehn (1985).
Page 246 and 247: Zielinski, W. J., F. V. Schlexer, K
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Page 250 and 251: Project Title: Training Area 4 Nati
Page 252 and 253: Project Title: Training Area 8 Borr
Page 254 and 255: Project Title: Training Area 9 Wild
Page 256 and 257: Project Title: Training Area 10 Wil
Page 258 and 259: Listed below is a summery table tha
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Page 264: Equal opportunity to participate in
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