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As well as monetary cost, time was a consideration. However, this burden was born to a great extent by the apprentice master, who had to release his apprentice during the day to attend lectures and practical classes. Until 1896, the School of Pharmacy organised its courses so that a student could prepare himself for examination in six months, 197 but by 1897, this had been increased to nine months. 198 There is evidence that the training for the assistant‘s examination was not as long as that for the ‗minor‘ examination. In 1902, a candidate for the apothecaries‘ assistant‘s examination had to provide a certificate, signed by a registered medical practitioner or an apothecaries‘ assistant holding a public appointment, confirming that the candidate had received six months of training in practical pharmacy. 199 Even as late as 1917, Miss Buchanan, in a letter, suggested that the course of study for the assistants should be increased from six to nine months. 200 A meeting of the Examination Committee was held in October that year and it was recommended that the curriculum be changed. The course was to be lengthened from six to nine months and the additional time be used to augment the study of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 201 There was also no requirement for an apothecaries‘ assistant to serve a formal apprenticeship, while the would-be chemist and druggist was indentured for three years. 197 The Calendar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London, 1896), p. 77 and The Calendar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London, 1891), p. 221. 198 The Calendar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London, 1897), pp. 76 and 78. 199 „The Qualification of Dispensers‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 68, 14, (15 Feb. 1902) 122. 200 Society of Apothecaries Archive, Court Minute Book 1913-1926, Court of Assistants Minutes, 12 Jun. 1917. 201 Society of Apothecaries Archive, Court Minute Book 1913-1926, Court of Assistants Minutes, 9 Oct. 1917. 141
While the Society of Apothecaries did not provide formal training for its assistants, facilities did exist where they could train for the oral examination. The School of Pharmacy in 1871 was offering its courses in Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Botany and Materia Medica to those who were not members of the Society. The cost was two guineas each for the two courses, a figure that was twice the price asked of apprentices and members of the Society. 202 The 1869 Annual Report of the Society for Promoting the Training of Women noted that a young woman had received a course of instruction at St Mary‘s Hospital in Seymour Place, London and had subsequently been appointed dispenser at the hospital. 203 In 1876-77, 187 students passed the Apothecaries Hall Dispenser‘s Certificate having trained at the Westminster College of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 204 This number of successful candidates would suggest that entrants for this examination had been training at this college for a number of years. The Haslemere Herald, in an obituary, reported that, ―Miss Katherine Lano Miles MBE … began her career as a dispenser after attending the London College of Pharmacy for Ladies where she passed the Apothecaries' Dispenser‘s Examination.‖ 205 Additional Evidence As noted above, available information about the syllabus for the apothecaries‘ assistant‘s examination is not detailed, however there is a 202 The Calendar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London, 1871), p. 164. 203 SPTW, Annual Reports 1859-1958 [sic], quoted in Jordan, „Suitable and Remunerative Employment‟, 436, note 24. 204 Kurzer, „George S.V. Wills and the Westminster College of Chemistry and Pharmacy‟, 490-491. 205 „Katherine Miles – a Woman of Great Fighting Spirit‟, Haslemere Herald, 27 Nov. 1998. 142
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The Rise and Fall of the Apothecari
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
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Abstract List of Contents Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis
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They were not a highly educated gro
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professions. This thesis, in terms
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that a medical degree should be pre
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Nonetheless he received the univers
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universities played their part.‖
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the theory they had learned, with p
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mainly from the poor and had been a
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elatively few deaths in small towns
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apprenticeship, which included ―w
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consulted both quacks and physician
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social background, university educa
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In order further to compare the var
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setting fractures and reducing disl
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physicians, surgeons and apothecari
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The surgeons were less educated tha
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Sunderland in 1841, agrees with thi
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8 times as many in the countryside.
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Apothecaries Act in 1815. 155 Digby
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Rose, at the suggestion of the Atto
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The physicians had insisted on amen
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practise. The licence obtained was
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of the Pharmaceutical Journal in 18
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determined that National Insurance
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employment. 205 However they were o
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daughter in 1878. She found the rem
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Gender Issues In the late 1850s, it
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girl to have to work. 236 As Reader
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anking. 247 The problem was exacerb
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opting for the better-paid jobs ava
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It was however possible to employ w
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only two books and six journal arti
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Society was also experiencing extra
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story. They were particularly impre
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cause and the subject had therefore
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neighbours might give a clue to the
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Laboratory. She tells how the Dispe
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dispenser in a troopship and in two
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John Fraser of 26, Robert Street, w
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change. Marland, for instance, poin
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est of the professional medical com
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assistant dispenser to dispenser. S
Page 91 and 92: Apothecaries‘ assistants in civil
Page 93 and 94: gives the medicines in accordance w
Page 95 and 96: have been because he wanted greater
Page 97 and 98: dispensers employed should be posse
Page 99 and 100: examination. 47 From 1846 the Socie
Page 101 and 102: obtain the certificate of an apothe
Page 103 and 104: The consolidation of the apothecari
Page 105 and 106: page 108. Copeman does not agree wi
Page 107 and 108: pharmacies until January 1913. 72 A
Page 109 and 110: Numbers 450 400 350 300 250 200 150
Page 111 and 112: and on 18 December 1879 he appeared
Page 113 and 114: management. 91 Their vision was for
Page 115 and 116: The recently opened Mechanics‘ In
Page 117 and 118: until 1856, the annual cost to the
Page 119 and 120: succeed. 119 For a number of years
Page 121 and 122: that, ―… it is his [Master‘s]
Page 123 and 124: Examination of the College of Prece
Page 125 and 126: From the outset, an understanding o
Page 127 and 128: examinations. 154 The ‗minor‘ e
Page 129 and 130: measure specific gravity and how to
Page 131 and 132: had been taught as a combined subje
Page 133 and 134: such as chloroform, methane, ethyle
Page 135 and 136: to the passing of the 1868 Act. 171
Page 137 and 138: Again, on the part of the Pharmaceu
Page 139 and 140: described above for 1896 and a more
Page 141: produced as a condition of entry to
Page 145 and 146: ―We know that the assistants' exa
Page 147 and 148: have seen no point in duplicating t
Page 149 and 150: sub-committee was set up by the Cou
Page 151 and 152: druggists. The chemists and druggis
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 3 The Rise of the Female Ap
Page 155 and 156: middle class, a term that was coine
Page 157 and 158: division of labour and it was impos
Page 159 and 160: even the wealthiest to overnight de
Page 161 and 162: Perkins records that middle class c
Page 163 and 164: policy of an occupation; they would
Page 165 and 166: Miss Frances Buss, also gave eviden
Page 167 and 168: Greek to prepare nineteen year old
Page 169 and 170: letters, points out that this was u
Page 171 and 172: Mildred Cable‘s father was a drap
Page 173 and 174: this respect, while those taking up
Page 175 and 176: that, ―… there was an excess of
Page 177 and 178: schools were female, they were main
Page 179 and 180: other newly emerging professions, w
Page 181 and 182: was so, even though older children
Page 183 and 184: allowed untrained midwives to conti
Page 185 and 186: contemporary written material to ma
Page 187 and 188: examination and thereby to obtain a
Page 189 and 190: Of those who passed, it has been po
Page 191 and 192: considered the minimum required to
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have been recorded as ‗Child‘ a
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family business, as in the case of
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Correll who passed the examination
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leaves one last group, the assistan
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dispensary run by Elizabeth Garrett
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customers; features that often disg
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Annie, would have saved his father
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support for their training and perh
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women had involved themselves in su
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Women Pharmacists. It is reported t
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Chapter 4 The Introduction and Amen
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The Apothecaries Act (1815) confirm
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Early Development of the Medical Pr
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effectively created the medical pro
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similarly protected. 17 A number of
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dispensing, however, he was satisfi
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The Pharmacy Profession and the Pro
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strain became too much. 40 For exam
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typical symptoms of strychnine pois
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and cocoa. 53 The Arsenic Act had n
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Medical Education and Registration.
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A Special General Meeting of the Ph
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e more difficult to steer through P
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Stage in the Lords, Earl Granville
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elated bodies, who might consider t
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that while it was easy to understan
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at the branch shops. This put the p
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the business of a chemist and drugg
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the business along those lines. 105
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establishments dare not make any re
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Companies Association Ltd to safegu
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‗Country Gentleman‘ concerning
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chemist and druggist or not. 136 Th
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Other issues also influenced the de
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commented on them. ‗Country Gentl
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chemicals, which were becoming esse
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examination. 163 This provision was
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Curiously this exploitation did not
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of medical prescriptions from the a
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with an insurance company, to pay f
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same time their private patients te
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exaggerated because scheme members
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etween the government and the frien
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Pharmacy Act (1908); all dispensing
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himself as ‗A Dispenser of Thirty
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decline. The apothecaries‘ assist
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them. In contrast, the members of t
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Chapter 5 The Decline of the Apothe
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occasions between 1909 and 1920, wa
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apothecary. 9 This view was also he
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will be thrown out of employment
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certificate should be increased fro
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He was also a Life Member of the Ro
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patients joining the scheme. Howeve
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longer duration and dealt with a gr
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the Privy Council. Mr Trayner and t
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to do so. 51 Mr Rowland went on to
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druggist, would be able to dispense
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their fitness to perform those duti
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The pharmacists had also seen the d
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the patients pure drugs, as it was
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member for the Universities of Edin
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matters essential to the Society‘
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say that they were very opposed to
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We should not, he thought, be ―bo
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future, but reluctant to relinquish
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to the National Insurance Act. Lloy
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As this handbill stated that apothe
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had been available to a greater or
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amifications of the Act which would
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accepted profession. 132 As we have
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in Parliament ever since 1908 to co
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negotiable condition. It had just b
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Act (1908) created an impasse that
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would be inoperative and had decide
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1916. However, it was recognised in
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have adopted the strategy of doing
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The Society of Apothecaries again h
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prescriptions dispensed by a person
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those who held a legal qualificatio
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development. They had parliamentary
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compounding. She went on to obtain
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edundancy. A search of The Times fr
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Chapter 6 Conclusions The apothecar
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Morant who was Permanent Secretary
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an understanding of their position
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training. Part of this assessment i
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shop proprietor operated pharmacies
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the government would have been boun
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Appendix 1 Appendices Schedules of
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emulsifying agents, and the best me
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e shown to him to their class and s
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volume; the hypothesis of Avagadro;
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To quantitatively determine the tot
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Candidates will be expected to have
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Appendix 3 Table 1: Maximum number
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Subject Margaret Gentle Father’s
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Father’s Occupation and Status -
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Appendix 5 Table 3: Father’s and
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Appendix 6 Substances included in t
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Acts of Parliament Apothecaries Act
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Society of Apothecaries’ Archive
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Box 10, E/4/4/1/2, Letter from 11 M
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Books and Journals Austin, J. Emma
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Secondary Sources Articles Anderson
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Dingwall, H., ‗―General Practic
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Loudon, I.,‗A Doctor‘s Cash Boo
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Watson, K.D., ‗Medical and Chemic
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Cordery, S., British Friendly Socie
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Keevil, J.J., Medicine and the Navy
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Vincent, D., Literacy and Popular C
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