- Page 1 and 2:
The Rise and Fall of the Apothecari
- Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
- Page 5 and 6:
Abstract List of Contents Chapter 1
- Page 7 and 8:
Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis
- Page 9 and 10:
They were not a highly educated gro
- Page 11 and 12:
professions. This thesis, in terms
- Page 13 and 14:
that a medical degree should be pre
- Page 15 and 16:
Nonetheless he received the univers
- Page 17 and 18:
universities played their part.‖
- Page 19 and 20:
the theory they had learned, with p
- Page 21 and 22:
mainly from the poor and had been a
- Page 23 and 24:
elatively few deaths in small towns
- Page 25 and 26:
apprenticeship, which included ―w
- Page 27 and 28:
consulted both quacks and physician
- Page 29 and 30:
social background, university educa
- Page 31 and 32:
In order further to compare the var
- Page 33 and 34:
setting fractures and reducing disl
- Page 35 and 36:
physicians, surgeons and apothecari
- Page 37 and 38:
The surgeons were less educated tha
- Page 39 and 40:
Sunderland in 1841, agrees with thi
- Page 41 and 42:
8 times as many in the countryside.
- Page 43 and 44:
Apothecaries Act in 1815. 155 Digby
- Page 45 and 46:
Rose, at the suggestion of the Atto
- Page 47 and 48:
The physicians had insisted on amen
- Page 49 and 50:
practise. The licence obtained was
- Page 51 and 52:
of the Pharmaceutical Journal in 18
- Page 53 and 54:
determined that National Insurance
- Page 55 and 56:
employment. 205 However they were o
- Page 57 and 58:
daughter in 1878. She found the rem
- Page 59 and 60:
Gender Issues In the late 1850s, it
- Page 61 and 62:
girl to have to work. 236 As Reader
- Page 63 and 64:
anking. 247 The problem was exacerb
- Page 65 and 66:
opting for the better-paid jobs ava
- Page 67 and 68:
It was however possible to employ w
- Page 69 and 70:
only two books and six journal arti
- Page 71 and 72:
Society was also experiencing extra
- Page 73 and 74:
story. They were particularly impre
- Page 75 and 76:
cause and the subject had therefore
- Page 77 and 78:
neighbours might give a clue to the
- Page 79 and 80:
Laboratory. She tells how the Dispe
- Page 81 and 82:
dispenser in a troopship and in two
- Page 83 and 84:
John Fraser of 26, Robert Street, w
- Page 85 and 86:
change. Marland, for instance, poin
- Page 87 and 88:
est of the professional medical com
- Page 89 and 90:
assistant dispenser to dispenser. S
- Page 91 and 92:
Apothecaries‘ assistants in civil
- Page 93 and 94:
gives the medicines in accordance w
- Page 95 and 96:
have been because he wanted greater
- Page 97 and 98:
dispensers employed should be posse
- Page 99 and 100:
examination. 47 From 1846 the Socie
- Page 101 and 102:
obtain the certificate of an apothe
- Page 103 and 104:
The consolidation of the apothecari
- Page 105 and 106:
page 108. Copeman does not agree wi
- Page 107 and 108:
pharmacies until January 1913. 72 A
- Page 109 and 110:
Numbers 450 400 350 300 250 200 150
- Page 111 and 112:
and on 18 December 1879 he appeared
- Page 113 and 114:
management. 91 Their vision was for
- Page 115 and 116:
The recently opened Mechanics‘ In
- Page 117 and 118:
until 1856, the annual cost to the
- Page 119 and 120:
succeed. 119 For a number of years
- Page 121 and 122:
that, ―… it is his [Master‘s]
- Page 123 and 124:
Examination of the College of Prece
- Page 125 and 126:
From the outset, an understanding o
- Page 127 and 128:
examinations. 154 The ‗minor‘ e
- Page 129 and 130:
measure specific gravity and how to
- Page 131 and 132:
had been taught as a combined subje
- Page 133 and 134:
such as chloroform, methane, ethyle
- Page 135 and 136:
to the passing of the 1868 Act. 171
- Page 137 and 138:
Again, on the part of the Pharmaceu
- Page 139 and 140:
described above for 1896 and a more
- Page 141 and 142:
produced as a condition of entry to
- Page 143 and 144:
While the Society of Apothecaries d
- Page 145 and 146:
―We know that the assistants' exa
- Page 147 and 148:
have seen no point in duplicating t
- Page 149 and 150:
sub-committee was set up by the Cou
- Page 151 and 152:
druggists. The chemists and druggis
- Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 3 The Rise of the Female Ap
- Page 155 and 156:
middle class, a term that was coine
- Page 157 and 158:
division of labour and it was impos
- Page 159 and 160:
even the wealthiest to overnight de
- Page 161 and 162:
Perkins records that middle class c
- Page 163 and 164:
policy of an occupation; they would
- Page 165 and 166:
Miss Frances Buss, also gave eviden
- Page 167 and 168:
Greek to prepare nineteen year old
- Page 169 and 170:
letters, points out that this was u
- Page 171 and 172:
Mildred Cable‘s father was a drap
- Page 173 and 174:
this respect, while those taking up
- Page 175 and 176:
that, ―… there was an excess of
- Page 177 and 178:
schools were female, they were main
- Page 179 and 180:
other newly emerging professions, w
- Page 181 and 182:
was so, even though older children
- Page 183 and 184:
allowed untrained midwives to conti
- Page 185 and 186:
contemporary written material to ma
- Page 187 and 188:
examination and thereby to obtain a
- Page 189 and 190:
Of those who passed, it has been po
- Page 191 and 192:
considered the minimum required to
- Page 193 and 194:
have been recorded as ‗Child‘ a
- Page 195 and 196:
family business, as in the case of
- Page 197 and 198:
Correll who passed the examination
- Page 199 and 200:
leaves one last group, the assistan
- Page 201 and 202:
dispensary run by Elizabeth Garrett
- Page 203 and 204:
customers; features that often disg
- Page 205 and 206:
Annie, would have saved his father
- Page 207 and 208:
support for their training and perh
- Page 209 and 210:
women had involved themselves in su
- Page 211 and 212:
Women Pharmacists. It is reported t
- Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 4 The Introduction and Amen
- Page 215 and 216:
The Apothecaries Act (1815) confirm
- Page 217 and 218:
Early Development of the Medical Pr
- Page 219 and 220:
effectively created the medical pro
- Page 221 and 222:
similarly protected. 17 A number of
- Page 223 and 224:
dispensing, however, he was satisfi
- Page 225 and 226:
The Pharmacy Profession and the Pro
- Page 227 and 228:
strain became too much. 40 For exam
- Page 229 and 230:
typical symptoms of strychnine pois
- Page 231 and 232:
and cocoa. 53 The Arsenic Act had n
- Page 233 and 234:
Medical Education and Registration.
- Page 235 and 236:
A Special General Meeting of the Ph
- Page 237 and 238:
e more difficult to steer through P
- Page 239 and 240:
Stage in the Lords, Earl Granville
- Page 241 and 242:
elated bodies, who might consider t
- Page 243 and 244:
that while it was easy to understan
- Page 245 and 246:
at the branch shops. This put the p
- Page 247 and 248:
the business of a chemist and drugg
- Page 249 and 250:
the business along those lines. 105
- Page 251 and 252:
establishments dare not make any re
- Page 253 and 254:
Companies Association Ltd to safegu
- Page 255 and 256:
‗Country Gentleman‘ concerning
- Page 257 and 258:
chemist and druggist or not. 136 Th
- Page 259 and 260:
Other issues also influenced the de
- Page 261 and 262:
commented on them. ‗Country Gentl
- Page 263 and 264:
chemicals, which were becoming esse
- Page 265 and 266:
examination. 163 This provision was
- Page 267 and 268:
Curiously this exploitation did not
- Page 269 and 270:
of medical prescriptions from the a
- Page 271 and 272:
with an insurance company, to pay f
- Page 273 and 274:
same time their private patients te
- Page 275 and 276:
exaggerated because scheme members
- Page 277 and 278:
etween the government and the frien
- Page 279 and 280:
Pharmacy Act (1908); all dispensing
- Page 281 and 282:
himself as ‗A Dispenser of Thirty
- Page 283 and 284:
decline. The apothecaries‘ assist
- Page 285 and 286:
them. In contrast, the members of t
- Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 5 The Decline of the Apothe
- Page 289 and 290:
occasions between 1909 and 1920, wa
- Page 291 and 292:
apothecary. 9 This view was also he
- Page 293 and 294:
will be thrown out of employment
- Page 295 and 296:
certificate should be increased fro
- Page 297 and 298:
He was also a Life Member of the Ro
- Page 299 and 300:
patients joining the scheme. Howeve
- Page 301 and 302:
longer duration and dealt with a gr
- Page 303 and 304:
the Privy Council. Mr Trayner and t
- Page 305 and 306:
to do so. 51 Mr Rowland went on to
- Page 307 and 308: druggist, would be able to dispense
- Page 309 and 310: their fitness to perform those duti
- Page 311 and 312: The pharmacists had also seen the d
- Page 313 and 314: the patients pure drugs, as it was
- Page 315 and 316: member for the Universities of Edin
- Page 317 and 318: matters essential to the Society‘
- Page 319 and 320: say that they were very opposed to
- Page 321 and 322: We should not, he thought, be ―bo
- Page 323 and 324: future, but reluctant to relinquish
- Page 325 and 326: to the National Insurance Act. Lloy
- Page 327 and 328: As this handbill stated that apothe
- Page 329 and 330: had been available to a greater or
- Page 331 and 332: amifications of the Act which would
- Page 333 and 334: accepted profession. 132 As we have
- Page 335 and 336: in Parliament ever since 1908 to co
- Page 337 and 338: negotiable condition. It had just b
- Page 339 and 340: Act (1908) created an impasse that
- Page 341 and 342: would be inoperative and had decide
- Page 343 and 344: 1916. However, it was recognised in
- Page 345 and 346: have adopted the strategy of doing
- Page 347 and 348: The Society of Apothecaries again h
- Page 349 and 350: prescriptions dispensed by a person
- Page 351 and 352: those who held a legal qualificatio
- Page 353 and 354: development. They had parliamentary
- Page 355 and 356: compounding. She went on to obtain
- Page 357: edundancy. A search of The Times fr
- Page 361 and 362: Morant who was Permanent Secretary
- Page 363 and 364: an understanding of their position
- Page 365 and 366: training. Part of this assessment i
- Page 367 and 368: shop proprietor operated pharmacies
- Page 369 and 370: the government would have been boun
- Page 371 and 372: Appendix 1 Appendices Schedules of
- Page 373 and 374: emulsifying agents, and the best me
- Page 375 and 376: e shown to him to their class and s
- Page 377 and 378: volume; the hypothesis of Avagadro;
- Page 379 and 380: To quantitatively determine the tot
- Page 381 and 382: Candidates will be expected to have
- Page 383 and 384: Appendix 3 Table 1: Maximum number
- Page 385 and 386: Subject Margaret Gentle Father’s
- Page 387 and 388: Father’s Occupation and Status -
- Page 389 and 390: Appendix 5 Table 3: Father’s and
- Page 391 and 392: Appendix 6 Substances included in t
- Page 393 and 394: Acts of Parliament Apothecaries Act
- Page 395 and 396: Society of Apothecaries’ Archive
- Page 397 and 398: Box 10, E/4/4/1/2, Letter from 11 M
- Page 399 and 400: Books and Journals Austin, J. Emma
- Page 401 and 402: Secondary Sources Articles Anderson
- Page 403 and 404: Dingwall, H., ‗―General Practic
- Page 405 and 406: Loudon, I.,‗A Doctor‘s Cash Boo
- Page 407 and 408: Watson, K.D., ‗Medical and Chemic
- Page 409 and 410:
Cordery, S., British Friendly Socie
- Page 411 and 412:
Keevil, J.J., Medicine and the Navy
- Page 413 and 414:
Vincent, D., Literacy and Popular C