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Committees, ―… for the supply of sufficient and proper drugs and medicines to insured persons.‖ The pharmacists believed that it had long been the intention of the friendly societies to set up dispensaries and central drug stores for this purpose. This uncalled for competition was bad enough, but the important issue was that because the friendly societies were only going to supply medicines, rather than sell them, the Pharmacy Acts would not apply. There would be no legal requirement to employ pharmacists and inevitably apothecaries‘ assistants, or others even less qualified, would perform the dispensing, as this would be the cheaper option. 69 The Manchester Unity Friendly Society had said that it was likely that it would create ―a central drug store … for the supply of medicines at certain hours of the day.‖ They might also come to an arrangement with the Hearts of Oak, Foresters and others to establish a wholesale warehouse. 70 The pharmacists argued that as ―The overwhelming majority of the insured will find a pharmacy managed by a qualified chemist at their door …,‖ 71 the Act should take advantage of this. Holloway believes that this extensive distribution of chemists‘ shops was a contributory factor in persuading Lloyd George to transfer dispensing to the pharmacists. 72 69 „Pharmacists and National Sick Insurance‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 87, 33, (25 Nov. 1911) 705 and The Times, 25 May 1911, p. 5, col. 1 and „The National Insurance Bill and Pharmacists‟, British Medical Journal, (10 Jun. 1911) 419 and „National Insurance Bill Mass Meeting of Pharmacists in London‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 87, 33, (8 Jul. 1911) 60. More information about the Friendly Societies may be found in: Cordery, British Friendly Societies, 1750-1914 and Gosden, The Friendly Societies in England 1815-1875 and W. Blake and J. Moore, Friendly Societies (Cambridge, 1951). 70 „National Insurance Bill‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 87, 33, (14 Oct. 1911) 496-497. 71 „National Insurance Bill Mass Meeting of Pharmacists in London‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, 87, 33, (8 Jul. 1911) 59. 72 Holloway, „Professional Business‟, 20. 309
The pharmacists had also seen the difficulties the doctors had experienced in obtaining a reasonable remuneration while working for the friendly societies and this enhanced their concerns. Like the doctors, they pressed for a scheme run by Local Health Committees. 73 The pharmacists‘ concern was reflected by questions in Parliament. On 29 May 1911, Viscount Wolmer asked Lloyd George if Health Committees would be able to buy medicines wholesale to supply to doctors and patients. Lloyd George replied that they would have the same power in this respect as the friendly societies. He went on to say that he thought that chemists would benefit greatly from the Bill. 74 Lord Charles Beresford, the Member for Portsmouth, 75 asked whether friendly societies were going to be permitted to open dispensaries and if so, whether the dispensing in them would be done by qualified pharmacists. 76 In reply, Sir Charles Hobhouse, Liberal Member for East Bristol and Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 77 said that they wished to provide the best scheme for supplying medicines and consequently no method should be discounted; qualified persons would do the dispensing. 78 It seems that the government did not want to be tied down to delegating dispensing to the pharmacists, nor did it want to restrict it to businesses owned by pharmaceutical chemists or chemists and druggists as defined in the Poisons and Pharmacy Act (1908). His statement that 73 „National Insurance Bill Mass Meeting of Pharmacists in London‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, 87, 33, (8 Jul. 1911) 59-60. 74 „Parliamentary Notes and News‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 86, 32, (3 Jun. 1911) 753-754. 75 V.W. Baddeley, „Beresford, Charles William de la Poer, Baron Beresford (1846-1919)‟, rev. Paul G. Halpern, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004). 76 „Parliamentary Notes and News‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 87, 33, (5 Aug. 1911) 215. 77 Trevor Wilson, „Hobhouse, Sir Charles Edward Henry, fourth baronet (1862-1941)‟, rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004). 78 „Parliamentary Notes and News‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 87, 33, (5 Aug. 1911) 215. 310
Page 1 and 2:
The Rise and Fall of the Apothecari
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
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Abstract List of Contents Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis
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They were not a highly educated gro
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professions. This thesis, in terms
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that a medical degree should be pre
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Nonetheless he received the univers
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universities played their part.‖
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the theory they had learned, with p
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mainly from the poor and had been a
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elatively few deaths in small towns
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apprenticeship, which included ―w
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consulted both quacks and physician
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social background, university educa
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In order further to compare the var
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setting fractures and reducing disl
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physicians, surgeons and apothecari
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The surgeons were less educated tha
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Sunderland in 1841, agrees with thi
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8 times as many in the countryside.
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Apothecaries Act in 1815. 155 Digby
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Rose, at the suggestion of the Atto
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The physicians had insisted on amen
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practise. The licence obtained was
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of the Pharmaceutical Journal in 18
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determined that National Insurance
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employment. 205 However they were o
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daughter in 1878. She found the rem
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Gender Issues In the late 1850s, it
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girl to have to work. 236 As Reader
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anking. 247 The problem was exacerb
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opting for the better-paid jobs ava
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It was however possible to employ w
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only two books and six journal arti
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Society was also experiencing extra
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story. They were particularly impre
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cause and the subject had therefore
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neighbours might give a clue to the
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Laboratory. She tells how the Dispe
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dispenser in a troopship and in two
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John Fraser of 26, Robert Street, w
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change. Marland, for instance, poin
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est of the professional medical com
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assistant dispenser to dispenser. S
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Apothecaries‘ assistants in civil
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gives the medicines in accordance w
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have been because he wanted greater
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dispensers employed should be posse
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examination. 47 From 1846 the Socie
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obtain the certificate of an apothe
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The consolidation of the apothecari
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page 108. Copeman does not agree wi
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pharmacies until January 1913. 72 A
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Numbers 450 400 350 300 250 200 150
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and on 18 December 1879 he appeared
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management. 91 Their vision was for
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The recently opened Mechanics‘ In
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until 1856, the annual cost to the
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succeed. 119 For a number of years
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that, ―… it is his [Master‘s]
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Examination of the College of Prece
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From the outset, an understanding o
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examinations. 154 The ‗minor‘ e
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measure specific gravity and how to
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had been taught as a combined subje
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such as chloroform, methane, ethyle
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to the passing of the 1868 Act. 171
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Again, on the part of the Pharmaceu
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described above for 1896 and a more
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produced as a condition of entry to
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While the Society of Apothecaries d
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―We know that the assistants' exa
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have seen no point in duplicating t
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sub-committee was set up by the Cou
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druggists. The chemists and druggis
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Chapter 3 The Rise of the Female Ap
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middle class, a term that was coine
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division of labour and it was impos
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even the wealthiest to overnight de
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Perkins records that middle class c
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policy of an occupation; they would
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Miss Frances Buss, also gave eviden
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Greek to prepare nineteen year old
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letters, points out that this was u
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Mildred Cable‘s father was a drap
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this respect, while those taking up
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that, ―… there was an excess of
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schools were female, they were main
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other newly emerging professions, w
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was so, even though older children
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allowed untrained midwives to conti
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contemporary written material to ma
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examination and thereby to obtain a
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Of those who passed, it has been po
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considered the minimum required to
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have been recorded as ‗Child‘ a
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family business, as in the case of
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Correll who passed the examination
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leaves one last group, the assistan
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dispensary run by Elizabeth Garrett
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customers; features that often disg
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Annie, would have saved his father
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support for their training and perh
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women had involved themselves in su
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Women Pharmacists. It is reported t
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Chapter 4 The Introduction and Amen
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The Apothecaries Act (1815) confirm
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Early Development of the Medical Pr
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effectively created the medical pro
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similarly protected. 17 A number of
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dispensing, however, he was satisfi
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The Pharmacy Profession and the Pro
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strain became too much. 40 For exam
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typical symptoms of strychnine pois
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and cocoa. 53 The Arsenic Act had n
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Medical Education and Registration.
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A Special General Meeting of the Ph
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e more difficult to steer through P
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Stage in the Lords, Earl Granville
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elated bodies, who might consider t
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that while it was easy to understan
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at the branch shops. This put the p
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the business of a chemist and drugg
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the business along those lines. 105
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establishments dare not make any re
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Companies Association Ltd to safegu
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‗Country Gentleman‘ concerning
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chemist and druggist or not. 136 Th
Page 259 and 260: Other issues also influenced the de
Page 261 and 262: commented on them. ‗Country Gentl
Page 263 and 264: chemicals, which were becoming esse
Page 265 and 266: examination. 163 This provision was
Page 267 and 268: Curiously this exploitation did not
Page 269 and 270: of medical prescriptions from the a
Page 271 and 272: with an insurance company, to pay f
Page 273 and 274: same time their private patients te
Page 275 and 276: exaggerated because scheme members
Page 277 and 278: etween the government and the frien
Page 279 and 280: Pharmacy Act (1908); all dispensing
Page 281 and 282: himself as ‗A Dispenser of Thirty
Page 283 and 284: decline. The apothecaries‘ assist
Page 285 and 286: them. In contrast, the members of t
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 5 The Decline of the Apothe
Page 289 and 290: occasions between 1909 and 1920, wa
Page 291 and 292: apothecary. 9 This view was also he
Page 293 and 294: will be thrown out of employment
Page 295 and 296: certificate should be increased fro
Page 297 and 298: He was also a Life Member of the Ro
Page 299 and 300: patients joining the scheme. Howeve
Page 301 and 302: longer duration and dealt with a gr
Page 303 and 304: the Privy Council. Mr Trayner and t
Page 305 and 306: to do so. 51 Mr Rowland went on to
Page 307 and 308: druggist, would be able to dispense
Page 309: their fitness to perform those duti
Page 313 and 314: the patients pure drugs, as it was
Page 315 and 316: member for the Universities of Edin
Page 317 and 318: matters essential to the Society‘
Page 319 and 320: say that they were very opposed to
Page 321 and 322: We should not, he thought, be ―bo
Page 323 and 324: future, but reluctant to relinquish
Page 325 and 326: to the National Insurance Act. Lloy
Page 327 and 328: As this handbill stated that apothe
Page 329 and 330: had been available to a greater or
Page 331 and 332: amifications of the Act which would
Page 333 and 334: accepted profession. 132 As we have
Page 335 and 336: in Parliament ever since 1908 to co
Page 337 and 338: negotiable condition. It had just b
Page 339 and 340: Act (1908) created an impasse that
Page 341 and 342: would be inoperative and had decide
Page 343 and 344: 1916. However, it was recognised in
Page 345 and 346: have adopted the strategy of doing
Page 347 and 348: The Society of Apothecaries again h
Page 349 and 350: prescriptions dispensed by a person
Page 351 and 352: those who held a legal qualificatio
Page 353 and 354: development. They had parliamentary
Page 355 and 356: compounding. She went on to obtain
Page 357 and 358: edundancy. A search of The Times fr
Page 359 and 360: Chapter 6 Conclusions The apothecar
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Morant who was Permanent Secretary
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an understanding of their position
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training. Part of this assessment i
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shop proprietor operated pharmacies
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the government would have been boun
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Appendix 1 Appendices Schedules of
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emulsifying agents, and the best me
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e shown to him to their class and s
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volume; the hypothesis of Avagadro;
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To quantitatively determine the tot
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Candidates will be expected to have
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Appendix 3 Table 1: Maximum number
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Subject Margaret Gentle Father’s
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Father’s Occupation and Status -
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Appendix 5 Table 3: Father’s and
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Appendix 6 Substances included in t
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Acts of Parliament Apothecaries Act
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Society of Apothecaries’ Archive
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Box 10, E/4/4/1/2, Letter from 11 M
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Books and Journals Austin, J. Emma
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Secondary Sources Articles Anderson
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Dingwall, H., ‗―General Practic
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Loudon, I.,‗A Doctor‘s Cash Boo
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Watson, K.D., ‗Medical and Chemic
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Cordery, S., British Friendly Socie
Page 411 and 412:
Keevil, J.J., Medicine and the Navy
Page 413 and 414:
Vincent, D., Literacy and Popular C
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