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influence and power to change the outcome. By the time it realised that the Society of Apothecaries was not going to represent its assistants‘ interests with any real enthusiasm, its opportunity to act on its own behalf had passed. It entered the negotiations too late to achieve any change and was in time only to accept the terms of the new byelaw formulated by the Pharmaceutical Society. The only alternative at that stage would have been to continue the previous deadlock. 61 The Pharmaceutical Society’s Ambitions The Pharmaceutical Society was extremely concerned about the potential outcome of the dispute. Only 70 years previously the chemists and druggists had set out to secure their own future by creating a profession built on a programme of enhanced education and skill. The last thing the Society wanted was the dilution of its reputation, as a highly skilled body, by the creation of a route to membership, other than by its examination. It had also long believed that dispensing should lie within its area of responsibility. Jacob Bell, in seeking to improve the training of chemists and druggists believed that, ―There was a need to verify that all dispensers of medicines had undergone a basic education, and, by examination, shown 61 „Certificated Dispensers and the Pharmaceutical Society‟s Draft Bye-law‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, 102, 2903, (7 Jun. 1919) 376-377. 307
their fitness to perform those duties.‖ 62 In 1843 he had said that prescribing and dispensing should be separated. 63 The Pharmaceutical Journal in the same year stated that there was no point in having prescriptions written by highly qualified doctors only to have them dispensed by men of limited ability. Although the nature of knowledge would differ between the two occupations, the level of knowledge should be the same. 64 It went on to reinforce this view in 1844 when it pointed out that the repression of unqualified dispensers of medicine was as important as that of unqualified doctors. 65 Although the Chemists and druggists in 1905 were calling for a Bill that would require that they should be responsible for all compounding and dispensing, 66 they had no great hopes of achieving such a monopoly. In an interview with Lloyd George in October 1911, Mr J.R. Young, a past president of the Pharmaceutical Society went as far as to say that the separation of prescribing and dispensing had been no more than a dream. 67 So when Lloyd George announced in Parliament that he intended to separate prescribing and dispensing, 68 the Pharmaceutical Society was overjoyed. However, there was a problem yet to be overcome. The Bill did not indicate who was going to perform the dispensing. The wording of Clause 13 stated that provision was to be made by friendly societies or Insurance 62 Burt, „An Examination of the Pharmaceutical Responses to the Implementation of the Chemists and Druggists‟ Register: the transformation of a trade into a profession‟ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Wales, Dec. 1999), p. 101. 63 Anderson Stewart, „Jubilee of the National Insurance Act‟, 35. 64 „Medical Reform‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, 3, 11, (1 May 1843) 678. 65 „Restrictions in the Medical Profession‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, 2, 11, (1 May 1844) 511. 66 A.C. Wootton, „Ideal Pharmacy Law‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 74, 20, (1 Apr. 1905) 479. 67 „National Insurance Bill‟, Pharmaceutical Journal, series 4, 87, 33, (14 Oct. 1911) 496. 68 Hansard, fifth series, vol. XXV, 1 May-19 May 1911, col. 625. 308
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The Rise and Fall of the Apothecari
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
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Abstract List of Contents Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis
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They were not a highly educated gro
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professions. This thesis, in terms
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that a medical degree should be pre
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Nonetheless he received the univers
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universities played their part.‖
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the theory they had learned, with p
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mainly from the poor and had been a
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elatively few deaths in small towns
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apprenticeship, which included ―w
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consulted both quacks and physician
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social background, university educa
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In order further to compare the var
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setting fractures and reducing disl
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physicians, surgeons and apothecari
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The surgeons were less educated tha
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Sunderland in 1841, agrees with thi
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8 times as many in the countryside.
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Apothecaries Act in 1815. 155 Digby
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Rose, at the suggestion of the Atto
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The physicians had insisted on amen
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practise. The licence obtained was
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of the Pharmaceutical Journal in 18
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determined that National Insurance
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employment. 205 However they were o
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daughter in 1878. She found the rem
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Gender Issues In the late 1850s, it
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girl to have to work. 236 As Reader
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anking. 247 The problem was exacerb
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opting for the better-paid jobs ava
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It was however possible to employ w
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only two books and six journal arti
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Society was also experiencing extra
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story. They were particularly impre
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cause and the subject had therefore
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neighbours might give a clue to the
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Laboratory. She tells how the Dispe
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dispenser in a troopship and in two
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John Fraser of 26, Robert Street, w
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change. Marland, for instance, poin
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est of the professional medical com
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assistant dispenser to dispenser. S
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Apothecaries‘ assistants in civil
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gives the medicines in accordance w
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have been because he wanted greater
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dispensers employed should be posse
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examination. 47 From 1846 the Socie
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obtain the certificate of an apothe
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The consolidation of the apothecari
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page 108. Copeman does not agree wi
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pharmacies until January 1913. 72 A
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Numbers 450 400 350 300 250 200 150
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and on 18 December 1879 he appeared
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management. 91 Their vision was for
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The recently opened Mechanics‘ In
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until 1856, the annual cost to the
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succeed. 119 For a number of years
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that, ―… it is his [Master‘s]
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Examination of the College of Prece
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From the outset, an understanding o
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examinations. 154 The ‗minor‘ e
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measure specific gravity and how to
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had been taught as a combined subje
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such as chloroform, methane, ethyle
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to the passing of the 1868 Act. 171
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Again, on the part of the Pharmaceu
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described above for 1896 and a more
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produced as a condition of entry to
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While the Society of Apothecaries d
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―We know that the assistants' exa
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have seen no point in duplicating t
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sub-committee was set up by the Cou
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druggists. The chemists and druggis
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Chapter 3 The Rise of the Female Ap
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middle class, a term that was coine
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division of labour and it was impos
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even the wealthiest to overnight de
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Perkins records that middle class c
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policy of an occupation; they would
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Miss Frances Buss, also gave eviden
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Greek to prepare nineteen year old
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letters, points out that this was u
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Mildred Cable‘s father was a drap
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this respect, while those taking up
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that, ―… there was an excess of
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schools were female, they were main
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other newly emerging professions, w
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was so, even though older children
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allowed untrained midwives to conti
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contemporary written material to ma
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examination and thereby to obtain a
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Of those who passed, it has been po
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considered the minimum required to
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have been recorded as ‗Child‘ a
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family business, as in the case of
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Correll who passed the examination
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leaves one last group, the assistan
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dispensary run by Elizabeth Garrett
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customers; features that often disg
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Annie, would have saved his father
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support for their training and perh
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women had involved themselves in su
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Women Pharmacists. It is reported t
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Chapter 4 The Introduction and Amen
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The Apothecaries Act (1815) confirm
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Early Development of the Medical Pr
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effectively created the medical pro
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similarly protected. 17 A number of
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dispensing, however, he was satisfi
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The Pharmacy Profession and the Pro
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strain became too much. 40 For exam
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typical symptoms of strychnine pois
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and cocoa. 53 The Arsenic Act had n
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Medical Education and Registration.
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A Special General Meeting of the Ph
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e more difficult to steer through P
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Stage in the Lords, Earl Granville
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elated bodies, who might consider t
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that while it was easy to understan
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at the branch shops. This put the p
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the business of a chemist and drugg
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the business along those lines. 105
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establishments dare not make any re
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Companies Association Ltd to safegu
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‗Country Gentleman‘ concerning
Page 257 and 258: chemist and druggist or not. 136 Th
Page 259 and 260: Other issues also influenced the de
Page 261 and 262: commented on them. ‗Country Gentl
Page 263 and 264: chemicals, which were becoming esse
Page 265 and 266: examination. 163 This provision was
Page 267 and 268: Curiously this exploitation did not
Page 269 and 270: of medical prescriptions from the a
Page 271 and 272: with an insurance company, to pay f
Page 273 and 274: same time their private patients te
Page 275 and 276: exaggerated because scheme members
Page 277 and 278: etween the government and the frien
Page 279 and 280: Pharmacy Act (1908); all dispensing
Page 281 and 282: himself as ‗A Dispenser of Thirty
Page 283 and 284: decline. The apothecaries‘ assist
Page 285 and 286: them. In contrast, the members of t
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 5 The Decline of the Apothe
Page 289 and 290: occasions between 1909 and 1920, wa
Page 291 and 292: apothecary. 9 This view was also he
Page 293 and 294: will be thrown out of employment
Page 295 and 296: certificate should be increased fro
Page 297 and 298: He was also a Life Member of the Ro
Page 299 and 300: patients joining the scheme. Howeve
Page 301 and 302: longer duration and dealt with a gr
Page 303 and 304: the Privy Council. Mr Trayner and t
Page 305 and 306: to do so. 51 Mr Rowland went on to
Page 307: druggist, would be able to dispense
Page 311 and 312: The pharmacists had also seen the d
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Page 315 and 316: member for the Universities of Edin
Page 317 and 318: matters essential to the Society‘
Page 319 and 320: say that they were very opposed to
Page 321 and 322: We should not, he thought, be ―bo
Page 323 and 324: future, but reluctant to relinquish
Page 325 and 326: to the National Insurance Act. Lloy
Page 327 and 328: As this handbill stated that apothe
Page 329 and 330: had been available to a greater or
Page 331 and 332: amifications of the Act which would
Page 333 and 334: accepted profession. 132 As we have
Page 335 and 336: in Parliament ever since 1908 to co
Page 337 and 338: negotiable condition. It had just b
Page 339 and 340: Act (1908) created an impasse that
Page 341 and 342: would be inoperative and had decide
Page 343 and 344: 1916. However, it was recognised in
Page 345 and 346: have adopted the strategy of doing
Page 347 and 348: The Society of Apothecaries again h
Page 349 and 350: prescriptions dispensed by a person
Page 351 and 352: those who held a legal qualificatio
Page 353 and 354: development. They had parliamentary
Page 355 and 356: compounding. She went on to obtain
Page 357 and 358: edundancy. A search of The Times fr
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Chapter 6 Conclusions The apothecar
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Morant who was Permanent Secretary
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an understanding of their position
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training. Part of this assessment i
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shop proprietor operated pharmacies
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the government would have been boun
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Appendix 1 Appendices Schedules of
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emulsifying agents, and the best me
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e shown to him to their class and s
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volume; the hypothesis of Avagadro;
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To quantitatively determine the tot
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Candidates will be expected to have
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Appendix 3 Table 1: Maximum number
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Subject Margaret Gentle Father’s
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Father’s Occupation and Status -
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Appendix 5 Table 3: Father’s and
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Appendix 6 Substances included in t
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Acts of Parliament Apothecaries Act
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Society of Apothecaries’ Archive
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Box 10, E/4/4/1/2, Letter from 11 M
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Books and Journals Austin, J. Emma
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Secondary Sources Articles Anderson
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Dingwall, H., ‗―General Practic
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Loudon, I.,‗A Doctor‘s Cash Boo
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Watson, K.D., ‗Medical and Chemic
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Cordery, S., British Friendly Socie
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Keevil, J.J., Medicine and the Navy
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Vincent, D., Literacy and Popular C
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