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Appendix 4 Table 2: Apothecaries’ Assistants – Father’s and Brothers’ Occupations. Father’s Occupation and Status - Subject Deceased Absent (A) (D), Brothers' Occupations Brother 1 Brother 2 Brother 3 Brother 4 Fanny Saward Public Secretary Accountant Ethel McKerrow Cotton Manufacturer Salesman Corn Alice Ashwin Merchant merchant Pharmaceutical Tea Beatrice Cole Chemist Inspector Caroline Vincent Solicitor Solicitor Frances Wine Merchant Electrical Cunnington (D) Engineer Commercial Gertrude Wolseley Metal Merchant Clerk Commercial Marion Wolseley Metal Merchant Clerk 383 Analytical Chemist Chartered Accountant Secretary, Ltd. Company Lithographic Apprentice No record Stockbroker’s clerk Kathleen Moore Stockbroker Stockbroker General Physician & Lilian Kennard Practitioner Surgeon Margaret Burge Builder No brothers Carver & Guilder Assistant Eliza Draper (20 employees) Builder & Manager Lilian Bell Architect Architect Doctor of Private Private Ellen Howell Medicine Means Means Ethel Hodgkinson Solicitor Law Student Constance Medical Bradbury Physician Student Medical No Ethel Gayton Superintendent Saw Mill employment Jessie Willan Manager Child Edith Hollway Merchant (D) No record Chemist & Medical Alice Brookes Druggist Student Chemist & Medical Louisa Brookes Druggist Railway Station Student Superintendent Engine Caroline Bonner (D) Railway Station Fitter Bank Clerk No record Superintendent Engine Rose Bonner (D) Fitter Bank Clerk No record Oil Works Electrical Ruth Freeman Manager Engineer Commercial Clerk Banker’s Clerk Banker’s Clerk
Subject Margaret Gentle Father’s Occupation and Status - Deceased (D), Absent (A) Brothers' Occupations Brother 1 Brother 2 Brother 3 Brother 4 Cotton Steam Ship Broker’s Boiler Maker Clerk Master Brewer (employing 174 men) No brothers 384 Apprentice Mechanical Engineer Mary Gates Clerk to an Post Office Clerk to a Brass Foundry Lilian Hands Postmaster Wholesale Accountant Clerk Manufacturer Traveller Fanny Flood Druggist No record No record No record Bridle Merchant Brush Trade Flora Minshull (D) No record Apprentice Wine Merchant Mecantile Margaret Bedell (D) Foreign Clerk Child Hilda Caws Consular Agent Tallow Chandler No record Frances Lewis (D) No brothers Manager Manager Linoleum Beatrice Finch Builder Builder Hardware Mechanical Warehouse Principal Clerk Engineering Mabel Stapylton H.M. Customs No record Living on Student Alice Linton Vicar (D) own means No record Dental No record Child Lucy Dawe Vicar Clergyman Assistant Secretary Property Mechanic Constance Moore Stockbroker (D) Corporation Chartered Jeweller’s Gertrude Mannox Jeweller Accountant No record Clerk Assistant Chartered Jeweller’s Margaret Mannox Jeweller Doctor in Music Accountant No record Clerk Assistant Alice Hopkins Cambridge Rector No record Secretary Public Medical Catherine Hillyer Institution Student Marine Master Engineman & Susan Johnson Master Mariner Ship & Insurance Mariner Apprentice Child Lily Joyner Broker (D) Journalist No record Clerk of Works in Analytical Florence Lewis a Copperworks Chemist Chemist’s Ada Bargery Dispenser Assistant
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The Rise and Fall of the Apothecari
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
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Abstract List of Contents Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis
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They were not a highly educated gro
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professions. This thesis, in terms
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that a medical degree should be pre
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Nonetheless he received the univers
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universities played their part.‖
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the theory they had learned, with p
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mainly from the poor and had been a
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elatively few deaths in small towns
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apprenticeship, which included ―w
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consulted both quacks and physician
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social background, university educa
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In order further to compare the var
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setting fractures and reducing disl
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physicians, surgeons and apothecari
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The surgeons were less educated tha
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Sunderland in 1841, agrees with thi
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8 times as many in the countryside.
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Apothecaries Act in 1815. 155 Digby
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Rose, at the suggestion of the Atto
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The physicians had insisted on amen
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practise. The licence obtained was
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of the Pharmaceutical Journal in 18
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determined that National Insurance
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employment. 205 However they were o
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daughter in 1878. She found the rem
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Gender Issues In the late 1850s, it
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girl to have to work. 236 As Reader
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anking. 247 The problem was exacerb
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opting for the better-paid jobs ava
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It was however possible to employ w
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only two books and six journal arti
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Society was also experiencing extra
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story. They were particularly impre
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cause and the subject had therefore
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neighbours might give a clue to the
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Laboratory. She tells how the Dispe
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dispenser in a troopship and in two
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John Fraser of 26, Robert Street, w
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change. Marland, for instance, poin
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est of the professional medical com
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assistant dispenser to dispenser. S
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Apothecaries‘ assistants in civil
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gives the medicines in accordance w
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have been because he wanted greater
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dispensers employed should be posse
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examination. 47 From 1846 the Socie
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obtain the certificate of an apothe
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The consolidation of the apothecari
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page 108. Copeman does not agree wi
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pharmacies until January 1913. 72 A
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Numbers 450 400 350 300 250 200 150
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and on 18 December 1879 he appeared
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management. 91 Their vision was for
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The recently opened Mechanics‘ In
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until 1856, the annual cost to the
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succeed. 119 For a number of years
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that, ―… it is his [Master‘s]
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Examination of the College of Prece
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From the outset, an understanding o
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examinations. 154 The ‗minor‘ e
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measure specific gravity and how to
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had been taught as a combined subje
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such as chloroform, methane, ethyle
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to the passing of the 1868 Act. 171
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Again, on the part of the Pharmaceu
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described above for 1896 and a more
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produced as a condition of entry to
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While the Society of Apothecaries d
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―We know that the assistants' exa
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have seen no point in duplicating t
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sub-committee was set up by the Cou
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druggists. The chemists and druggis
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Chapter 3 The Rise of the Female Ap
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middle class, a term that was coine
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division of labour and it was impos
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even the wealthiest to overnight de
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Perkins records that middle class c
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policy of an occupation; they would
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Miss Frances Buss, also gave eviden
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Greek to prepare nineteen year old
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letters, points out that this was u
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Mildred Cable‘s father was a drap
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this respect, while those taking up
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that, ―… there was an excess of
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schools were female, they were main
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other newly emerging professions, w
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was so, even though older children
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allowed untrained midwives to conti
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contemporary written material to ma
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examination and thereby to obtain a
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Of those who passed, it has been po
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considered the minimum required to
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have been recorded as ‗Child‘ a
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family business, as in the case of
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Correll who passed the examination
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leaves one last group, the assistan
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dispensary run by Elizabeth Garrett
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customers; features that often disg
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Annie, would have saved his father
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support for their training and perh
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women had involved themselves in su
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Women Pharmacists. It is reported t
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Chapter 4 The Introduction and Amen
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The Apothecaries Act (1815) confirm
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Early Development of the Medical Pr
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effectively created the medical pro
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similarly protected. 17 A number of
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dispensing, however, he was satisfi
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The Pharmacy Profession and the Pro
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strain became too much. 40 For exam
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typical symptoms of strychnine pois
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and cocoa. 53 The Arsenic Act had n
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Medical Education and Registration.
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A Special General Meeting of the Ph
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e more difficult to steer through P
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Stage in the Lords, Earl Granville
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elated bodies, who might consider t
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that while it was easy to understan
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at the branch shops. This put the p
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the business of a chemist and drugg
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the business along those lines. 105
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establishments dare not make any re
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Companies Association Ltd to safegu
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‗Country Gentleman‘ concerning
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chemist and druggist or not. 136 Th
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Other issues also influenced the de
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commented on them. ‗Country Gentl
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chemicals, which were becoming esse
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examination. 163 This provision was
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Curiously this exploitation did not
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of medical prescriptions from the a
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with an insurance company, to pay f
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same time their private patients te
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exaggerated because scheme members
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etween the government and the frien
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Pharmacy Act (1908); all dispensing
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himself as ‗A Dispenser of Thirty
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decline. The apothecaries‘ assist
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them. In contrast, the members of t
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Chapter 5 The Decline of the Apothe
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occasions between 1909 and 1920, wa
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apothecary. 9 This view was also he
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will be thrown out of employment
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certificate should be increased fro
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He was also a Life Member of the Ro
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patients joining the scheme. Howeve
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longer duration and dealt with a gr
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the Privy Council. Mr Trayner and t
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to do so. 51 Mr Rowland went on to
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druggist, would be able to dispense
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their fitness to perform those duti
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The pharmacists had also seen the d
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the patients pure drugs, as it was
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member for the Universities of Edin
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matters essential to the Society‘
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say that they were very opposed to
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We should not, he thought, be ―bo
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future, but reluctant to relinquish
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to the National Insurance Act. Lloy
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As this handbill stated that apothe
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had been available to a greater or
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amifications of the Act which would
Page 333 and 334: accepted profession. 132 As we have
Page 335 and 336: in Parliament ever since 1908 to co
Page 337 and 338: negotiable condition. It had just b
Page 339 and 340: Act (1908) created an impasse that
Page 341 and 342: would be inoperative and had decide
Page 343 and 344: 1916. However, it was recognised in
Page 345 and 346: have adopted the strategy of doing
Page 347 and 348: The Society of Apothecaries again h
Page 349 and 350: prescriptions dispensed by a person
Page 351 and 352: those who held a legal qualificatio
Page 353 and 354: development. They had parliamentary
Page 355 and 356: compounding. She went on to obtain
Page 357 and 358: edundancy. A search of The Times fr
Page 359 and 360: Chapter 6 Conclusions The apothecar
Page 361 and 362: Morant who was Permanent Secretary
Page 363 and 364: an understanding of their position
Page 365 and 366: training. Part of this assessment i
Page 367 and 368: shop proprietor operated pharmacies
Page 369 and 370: the government would have been boun
Page 371 and 372: Appendix 1 Appendices Schedules of
Page 373 and 374: emulsifying agents, and the best me
Page 375 and 376: e shown to him to their class and s
Page 377 and 378: volume; the hypothesis of Avagadro;
Page 379 and 380: To quantitatively determine the tot
Page 381 and 382: Candidates will be expected to have
Page 383: Appendix 3 Table 1: Maximum number
Page 387 and 388: Father’s Occupation and Status -
Page 389 and 390: Appendix 5 Table 3: Father’s and
Page 391 and 392: Appendix 6 Substances included in t
Page 393 and 394: Acts of Parliament Apothecaries Act
Page 395 and 396: Society of Apothecaries’ Archive
Page 397 and 398: Box 10, E/4/4/1/2, Letter from 11 M
Page 399 and 400: Books and Journals Austin, J. Emma
Page 401 and 402: Secondary Sources Articles Anderson
Page 403 and 404: Dingwall, H., ‗―General Practic
Page 405 and 406: Loudon, I.,‗A Doctor‘s Cash Boo
Page 407 and 408: Watson, K.D., ‗Medical and Chemic
Page 409 and 410: Cordery, S., British Friendly Socie
Page 411 and 412: Keevil, J.J., Medicine and the Navy
Page 413 and 414: Vincent, D., Literacy and Popular C
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