English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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68 COUNTRY STUDY FOR BIODIVERSITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 3.6.2.2. Over hunting/fishing Even though hunting management plans exist and there is also Public Enterprise for Game Wardens and Hunting Inspections, poaching is still at a high level. In addition, occurrences of illegal fishing and the use of prohibited fishing gear (including certain types of nets, chemicals and explosives) cause grave concern. There is insufficient data to allow a determination of the state of biological resource exploitation resulting from hunting. 3.6.2.3. Trade in wildlife Unfortunately, current data on the commerce of natural products do not exist; therefore, it is not possible to make an assessment of its affect on the loss of biodiversity. Prior to 2002, there was no information on the export of wild species, nor any sanctions for its prevention. That year, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MoEPP) began to prepare lists of endangered wild species of Fungi and plants (such lists are also planned for animal species). In order to initiate the keeping of records on the export of wild species from the Republic of Macedonia, these lists were submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management and to the Administration for Plant Protection, in order to be included on the list of products that are inspected for health safety at border crossings. The system for monitoring the export of wild species of flora and fauna has now commenced. Unfortunately, however, internal trade remains unregulated. This is a pressing problem that should be dealt with as soon as possible. Implementation of the <strong>Convention</strong> on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which regulates the control of international trade in wild species, faces many difficulties in the Republic of Macedonia. These are due primarily to an overlap of administrative responsibilities, especially within the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, but also due to a lack of personnel in the departments responsible for the inspection and control of trade. 3.6.2.4. Water extraction Extraction of water from the upper and middle courses of rivers and streams is conducted for the purposes of supplying drinking water to inhabited areas and/or irrigation water to agricultural lands. As a result of the arid climate and the hydrological regime within the Republic of Macedonia, such activities are very common. Unfortunately, the priority of providing safe drinking water seldom takes protection of natural watercourses into consideration (Section 3.3.2.4.). Water extraction (i.e., water supply systems) is under the purview of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (Administration for Water Management). In cases of major water withdrawals, new construction projects have to provide for the continuance of an ecological minimum water flow, which is often calculated as the flow of the smallest recorded watercourse in the watershed. With such projects, several serious problems can occur: • accurate flow measurements are unknown for most of the small waterways in Macedonia; • inadequate ecological minimums may be chosen; • control (or compliance) mechanisms and methods for sanctioning are lacking.
COUNTRY STUDY FOR BIODIVERSITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA A lack of monitoring for water extraction operations is also widespread. Notable examples are the Petruska, Kovanska and Sermeninska Rivers, which are dry in their lower courses during most of year due to water withdrawal for irrigation purposes. In addition, the inhabitants of the village of Podgortsi (Yablanitsa) dug a channel to the Podgortsi glacial lake, which is another demonstration of how a rare habitat type can be destroyed. A further drastic example is the proposal to withdraw water from the Boshava River in order to irrigate the Kavadarechko Pole Plain. This plan endangers the existence of this significant aquatic ecosystem (i.e., its middle and lower courses) and would cause significant changes in the hydrology of the wider area, since the waters of the Boshava River flow into another watershed (that of the Luda Mara River). The problem of water extraction is serious enough to be ranked among the basic threats to biodiversity in Macedonia. 3.6.3. Pollution 3.6.3.1. Water pollution Surface waters in the Republic of Macedonia are seriously endangered by various sources of physical, chemical and biological pollution. The trend toward the dramatic deterioration of water quality in riverine ecosystems was first noted in the mid-1970s. It resulted from the development of heavy industry and an increase in urban populations on the one hand, and a complete disregard for the problem of communal and industrial wastewaters, on the other. The irresponsible discharge of high concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants over a period of years has led to the deterioration of riverine ecosystems (Table 23). Table 23. Major river systems in the Republic of Macedonia, types of pollution, sources of pollution, legal category and observed category. River System (and Location) Vardar: Pollution Source of Pollution Regulated Category Observed Category - Vrutok - Jegunovse - Skopye-Saray - Skopye-Yurumleri - Veles - Fertiliser factory - Veles - Demir Kapiya - Gevgeliya Organic Inorganic Organic-inorganic Organic-inorganic Organic-inorganic Inorganic Organic-inorganic Organic-inorganic Solid waste Chromium Agriculture, wastewater Industry, wastewater Industry, wastewater Chemical industry Wastewater, tributaries Wastewater, industry, agriculture I II II II III III II II I-II III-IV III-IV >IV >IV >IV IV- >IV IV- >IV Lepenets Inorganic Asphalt plant, industry II IV-III Treska Organic Wastewater II II-III Pchinya Organic-inorganic Industry, wastewater II IV- >IV Bregalnitsa Organic-inorganic Wastewater, mines II-III IV- >IV Crna Organic-inorganic Wastewater, industry III-II IV- >IV Dragor Organic-inorganic Wastewater, industry III >IV The state of eutrophic aquatic ecosystems is also alarming in terms of pollution. This is of particular concern in Doyran Lake, which is rapidly losing its identity as a lake ecosystem, instead being reduced to the status of a marsh. Although direct efforts have been undertaken for the protection of Ohrid Lake, little has been done to protect Prespa Lake, the main source of water in this relic system. In addition, the major reservoirs Strezhevo, Tikvesh Lake and Turiya are also under great pressure. 69
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Country Study for Biodiversity of t
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This study was based upon scientifi
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• Branislava Mihajlova, M.Sc., Mu
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FOREWORD...........................
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English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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