English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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80 COUNTRY STUDY FOR BIODIVERSITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA do indicate an alarming situation, demonstrated in the maximum annual quantities of medicinal plant material exported in the last decade: Altahea officinalis (80 tonnes), Chamomilla recutita (75 tonnes), Gentina lutea and G. punctata (3-4 tonnes), Hypericum perforatum (5,000 tonnes), Lichenes (1,200 tonnes) and Tilia cordata (60 tonnes). Annex 6, Table 6 lists the medicinal plant species used in Macedonia. The collection and use of medicinal plants can be divided into three categories: personal use, retail/wholesale trade and other economic purposes. A mechanism for regulation and classification is necessary before it can be determined how much dry plant material an individual can collect from an area and before a permit for this collection can be issued. The collection of medicinal plants for economic purposes in Macedonia varies widely with the species collected, the collectors themselves and the seasonal quantity of the collected material. Most serious is the large seasonal demand by foreign buyers for specific plant species, facilitated by certain local trade companies which have no previous experience in this field. According to the nature of the plant material used (e.g., root, fruit, leaf, flower or stem), the greatest risks and threats are for those plants which are used whole, followed by those whose roots are collected and then those with useful bark. Species with a restricted area of distribution are most threatened (e.g., Acorus calamus, Salvia officinalis and Sideritis scardica). Based on data from the past ten years, the most troubling situations are with the species: Adonis vernalis, Colchicum autumnale, Herniaria glabra, H. hirsuta, Gentiana lutea, G. punctata, Hypericum perforatum, Lichenes, various species within the genera of the family Orchidaceae, whose parts are used in the production of salep, Sideritis scardica, S. raeserii and Thymus spp. 4.2.1.5. Other uses, including species used in foreign trade Wild species are sometimes used in the cosmetics, alcohol and construction industries. Lichens and mosses, used in the cosmetics industry, are collected in the eastern and western mountains of Macedonia and then exported (the annual purchase reaches 600-800 tonnes dry weight; the exported amount in 2001 was 83,334 kg, valued at $79,624). Essential oils are extracted from cones, needles or seeds of Pine and other plant species. For the production of gin, the alcohol industry uses the berries (mainly the blue ones) of the juniper bush. The exported amount in 2001 was 991,067 kg, valued at $758,463. The annual purchase of juniper berries by various organisations is 3-4,000 tonnes. Reeds, Cattails and Willows are used in construction, either dried, woven, as thatch or in handicraft products. They are mainly collected on the lakes (Ohrid, Prespa, Doyran), however this activity is on the decline. 4.2.2. Use of wild animals 4.2.2.1. Hunting Hunting is conducted through hunting associations combined under the Hunting Union of Macedonia. The largest portion of the land licensed for hunting consists of forests and forested areas. Protective measures for the care of forests and of game often do not agree. There is a need to coordinate these measures within the two sectors.
COUNTRY STUDY FOR BIODIVERSITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA With the Law on Hunting, 127 species of game were given special consideration: Table 27. Species of game given special consideration under the Law on Hunting. Level of Protection Number of Species Fur-bearing Animals Birds Permanently protected 79 9 70 With a closed season 31 6 25 Without protection 17 9 8 Total 127 24 103 Macedonia is divided into 11 areas managed for hunting, with 107 hunting sites for large game (47% of the total area, excluding lakes) and 145 hunting sites for small game (49% of the area). The hunting sites are managed by hunting associations and organisations working in the field of forestry. The total number of organised hunters is about 30,000. In addition, five enclosed areas totalling 4,041 ha have been established for the breeding of large game and one pheasant farm with a yearly production capacity of 40,000 two-month old pheasants. Table 28. Optimal and current numbers of game species in Macedonia (excluding national parks). Species of Game Optimal Number Current Status Number % Difference (+/-) Mammals Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) 4,309 700 16.2 -3,609 Brown bear (Ursus arctos) 250 60 24.1 - 190 Brown hare (Lepus europaeus) 189,000 38,000 20.1 - 151,000 Red deer (Cervus elaphus) 3,018 200 6.6 -2,818 Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 43,484 5,400 12.4 -38,084 Wild boar (Sus scrofa) Birds 14,032 3,600 25.6 -10,432 Common partridge (Perdix perdix) 239,200 34,000 14.2 - 205,000 Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) 42,000 10,000 25.4 - 32,000 Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) 58,800 9,000 15.3 - 49,800 4.2.2.2. Fishing Fishing is allowed on all natural lakes, reservoirs and rivers, and includes both commercial and sport fishing. Fish species that are important in commercial fishing are: Ohrid Lake: Anguilla anguilla, Alburnus alburnus, Salmo letnica. The greatest percentage of the total annual catch is from these three species. In the past, the annual catch in Ohrid Lake was 220-240 tonnes of fish, 50% of which was trout. At present, this quantity is considerably less (under 100 tonnes). The trout catch has declined markedly from the periods when over 140 tonnes of trout were caught annually to the present catch of only 35 tonnes. Prespa Lake: Alburnus belvica and Cyprinus carpio. The annual catch of fish in Prespa Lake is 100 tonnes. Doyran Lake: Alburnus alburnus, Cyprinus carpio, Perca fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus, and Scardinius erithrophthalmus. Traditionally, these species amount to 98% of the total fish catch. While the annual catch in Doyran Lake was formerly over 500 tonnes, it 81
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Country Study for Biodiversity of t
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This study was based upon scientifi
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• Branislava Mihajlova, M.Sc., Mu
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FOREWORD...........................
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4.2.1.4. Medicinal use ............
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6.4.1. Biodiversity inventory and m
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English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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