EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS IN CENTRAL ... - Bilkent University

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4.1 Concept of “Hatti” CHAPTER IV CULTURAL BACKGROUND In Hittite times, a major portion of the Central Anatolian plateau was called the “Hatti land”. The culture of the “Hatti land”, naturally, predates the establishment of the Hittite empire. In the study of the dagger typologies, or any other kind of inquiry in Central Anatolian region, the understanding of this “Hatti” culture is essential. There are a total of sixteen sites in Central Anatolia where dagger blades dating to the third millennium were recovered. Out of the sixteen sites, eight of the sites, which can be considered the “key” sites in this study, are discussed below. In addition, there is a section on the subject of interregional issues related to the much debated origin of the “Hatti” which has taken much scholarly attention. 20
4.2 The Key Sites in Central Anatolia in Early Bronze Age Ahlatlıbel In the study of the dagger typologies, Ahlatlıbel is the first site to be considered. It is located 14 km southwest of Ankara. The discovery of a residential complex with agricultural storage facilities, as well as evidence of textile production, led to the suggestion that Ahlatlıbel was a location for an elite ruler in EBA II/III (Yakar, 1985a: 33). A survey conducted in the Ankara region shows that the Early Bronze Age (EBA) culture of Ahlatlıbel has strong cultural affinities with other sites in the region, especially Etiyokuşu and Koçumbeli (Bertram, 2008: 64). The typology of the material from these three sites is very similar to each other and must be dated to the same era. It is, however, certain that the relationship of these sites was not only limited to such a restricted area. For example, terracotta idols from Ahlatlıbel have (Ankara type) have their close parallels in Kültepe and Alişar III (Harmankaya-Erdoğu, 2002). Our evidence for the metallurgy at Ahlatlıbel comes to us from the 18 intramural burials of pithos and cist type graves. Seven out of the eight pithos graves were actually placed underneath the houses without regard to age or sex of the individual. Since these graves were located at the corners or the houses, they must be contemporary with the house. Many aspects of the graves follow the Early Bronze Age Central Anatolian burial customs. The body is placed in a grave in a flexed position, as is customary of EBA internments in Central Anatolia, and the body lies on an east-west axis. The legs point toward the east and the head towards the west. Another common practice in Anatolia was to bury the deceased with the items that 21
Page 1 and 2: EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS IN CENTRAL
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS I
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am
Page 7 and 8: 3.5 Chronological Labels………
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The beginnin
Page 11 and 12: Western Europe which covers a time
Page 13 and 14: There are a limited number of excav
Page 15 and 16: chronology shows the existence of w
Page 17 and 18: 2.1 Definition Nevertheless, a simp
Page 19 and 20: It should be accepted, at least the
Page 21 and 22: 3.1 Chronological Limits of Early B
Page 23 and 24: accepted as belonging to the second
Page 25 and 26: If this is taken as a starting poin
Page 27: The majority of the dagger finds in
Page 31 and 32: evidence cannot be taken as a defin
Page 33 and 34: dated to the second half of the thi
Page 35 and 36: Hans Henning Von der Osten suggeste
Page 37 and 38: Depata with red cross decoration fi
Page 39 and 40: intentionally mutilating metal vess
Page 41 and 42: elations between Kültepe and Troy.
Page 43 and 44: Phase III in Polatlı is characteri
Page 45 and 46: place. This is most obvious by the
Page 47 and 48: destroyed in Anatolia and none of t
Page 49 and 50: of Yazır Höyük, Demirci Höyük
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER V CENTRAL ANATOLIAN DAGGER
Page 53 and 54: and Önder Bilgi (1989), does not c
Page 55 and 56: Type Ic1 A dagger from the Ankara C
Page 57 and 58: has a wooden core wrapped in electr
Page 59 and 60: Type IId The flat midrib’s edges
Page 61 and 62: and Type IVb (Cat. No: 20), come fr
Page 63 and 64: 5.8 Type VII The only example of a
Page 65 and 66: 6.1 Pontic Interactions When the ge
Page 67 and 68: 39). Yenihayat is not a formaly exc
Page 69 and 70: A shaft-hole axe hammer; a mace hea
Page 71 and 72: of such a dagger in the Central Ana
Page 73 and 74: daggers were, without a question, e
Page 75 and 76: Some of the Yenihayat daggers’ mi
Page 77 and 78: egional variance in the production
Page 79 and 80:
No.71-71), without an illustration,
Page 81 and 82:
Black Sea region. It is not a contr
Page 83 and 84:
lades have wide midrib; sloping sho
Page 85 and 86:
With the advancement of archaeometa
Page 87 and 88:
Similarly, there are cultural conne
Page 89 and 90:
Another benefit of experimental arc
Page 91 and 92:
-----. 1984. “Metal Objects from
Page 93 and 94:
Lloyd, Seton, Howard Frederick, and
Page 95 and 96:
Reade, J. 2001. “Assyrian King-Li
Page 97 and 98:
Yalçın, Ü. 2010. “ Alacahöyü
Page 104 and 105:
Fig. 1 APPENDIX C FIGURES 96
Page 106 and 107:
. Fig. 22 Fig. 26 Fig. 18 Fig. 19 F
Page 108 and 109:
11. Stronach 1957:93, fig. 2/7. 12.
Page 110 and 111:
Type IId Type II b Cat. No: 4 Cat.
Page 112 and 113:
Type I f1 Type I F2 Cat. No: 7 Fune
Page 114 and 115:
Çadır Höyük Type I c Cat. No: 1
Page 116 and 117:
Type I c Type IV a1 Type IVb Cat. N
Page 118 and 119:
Type II a1 Cat. No: 24 Kalınkaya n
Page 120 and 121:
POLATLI: Ankara province. Type II c
Page 122 and 123:
YAZILIKAYA: Afyon province. Type I
Page 124 and 125:
Type V b Type II a2 Type II a1 Cat.
Page 126 and 127:
Type I c2 Type ? Type III a Cat. No
Page 128:
Type I a Cat. No: 47 Sadberk Hanım
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EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS IN CENTRAL ... - Bilkent University

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