EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS IN CENTRAL ... - Bilkent University

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metallurgical connections concerned, it should be remembered that the finished metallurgical products were a valuable amenity in the EBA. They were relatively easy to transport and exchanged for other valuable goods such as other precious metals and gems or other exotic goods. It would not be difficult to imagine these goods travelling hundreds of kilometers in relatively short amount of time, perhaps not direct transportation by a single group but rather from community to community. When these relatively valuable and prestigious items appear, they also are likely to be imitated for its social value. Trade items, or morphological influences, may arrive to a region before any individual from the producing culture may. The nature of cultural interactions must be investigated but placing too much importance of a valuable items, or morphological influences, appearing in a grave of an elite individual is a dangerous practice. There is not even a single mold for casting daggers were recovered in Central Anatolia, nor in the immediate neighboring regions. Some of the daggers might have been forged but, more complicated forms would certainly need closed molds. The negative evidence, however, do not indicate the absence of molding practices. For example, cire perdue with sans molds instead of clay might have been practiced (Bilgi, 1984: 170). Presence of molds, especially of a known dagger type, would indicate that the item was produced locally. Yet, even without this evidence, it is clear that the major settlements in Central Anatolia had advanced metallurgical skills. Arsenical copper was used almost 99% of the larger artifacts in Central Anatolia and its immediate neighbor Central Black Sea region (Bilgi 1984: 171). 76
With the advancement of archaeometallurgical studies, it will be possible to pinpoint the metallurgical resources exploited as well as the origin of some of the metal artifacts, and their distribution in a region. Until then, it is only possible to make suggestions, based on the frequency of occurrence and context, if a dagger is a local type rather than an import. This is best demonstrated by the connection between the Alaca Höyük and Ovabayindir cylindroid midrib daggers. It is certainly a possibility that the daggers found in Ovabayındir were imports from Central Anatolia, and were produced exclusively as votive grave offering. The only evidence we have for the possible northwest Anatolian connection of these daggers in Ovabayındır and Alaca Höyük is the wide tangs with parallel double rivet use, which is attested at Troy. 77
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EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS IN CENTRAL
Page 3 and 4:
ABSTRACT EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS I
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am
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3.5 Chronological Labels………
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The beginnin
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Western Europe which covers a time
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There are a limited number of excav
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chronology shows the existence of w
Page 17 and 18:
2.1 Definition Nevertheless, a simp
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It should be accepted, at least the
Page 21 and 22:
3.1 Chronological Limits of Early B
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accepted as belonging to the second
Page 25 and 26:
If this is taken as a starting poin
Page 27 and 28:
The majority of the dagger finds in
Page 29 and 30:
4.2 The Key Sites in Central Anatol
Page 31 and 32:
evidence cannot be taken as a defin
Page 33 and 34: dated to the second half of the thi
Page 35 and 36: Hans Henning Von der Osten suggeste
Page 37 and 38: Depata with red cross decoration fi
Page 39 and 40: intentionally mutilating metal vess
Page 41 and 42: elations between Kültepe and Troy.
Page 43 and 44: Phase III in Polatlı is characteri
Page 45 and 46: place. This is most obvious by the
Page 47 and 48: destroyed in Anatolia and none of t
Page 49 and 50: of Yazır Höyük, Demirci Höyük
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER V CENTRAL ANATOLIAN DAGGER
Page 53 and 54: and Önder Bilgi (1989), does not c
Page 55 and 56: Type Ic1 A dagger from the Ankara C
Page 57 and 58: has a wooden core wrapped in electr
Page 59 and 60: Type IId The flat midrib’s edges
Page 61 and 62: and Type IVb (Cat. No: 20), come fr
Page 63 and 64: 5.8 Type VII The only example of a
Page 65 and 66: 6.1 Pontic Interactions When the ge
Page 67 and 68: 39). Yenihayat is not a formaly exc
Page 69 and 70: A shaft-hole axe hammer; a mace hea
Page 71 and 72: of such a dagger in the Central Ana
Page 73 and 74: daggers were, without a question, e
Page 75 and 76: Some of the Yenihayat daggers’ mi
Page 77 and 78: egional variance in the production
Page 79 and 80: No.71-71), without an illustration,
Page 81 and 82: Black Sea region. It is not a contr
Page 83: lades have wide midrib; sloping sho
Page 87 and 88: Similarly, there are cultural conne
Page 89 and 90: Another benefit of experimental arc
Page 91 and 92: -----. 1984. “Metal Objects from
Page 93 and 94: Lloyd, Seton, Howard Frederick, and
Page 95 and 96: Reade, J. 2001. “Assyrian King-Li
Page 97 and 98: Yalçın, Ü. 2010. “ Alacahöyü
Page 104 and 105: Fig. 1 APPENDIX C FIGURES 96
Page 106 and 107: . Fig. 22 Fig. 26 Fig. 18 Fig. 19 F
Page 108 and 109: 11. Stronach 1957:93, fig. 2/7. 12.
Page 110 and 111: Type IId Type II b Cat. No: 4 Cat.
Page 112 and 113: Type I f1 Type I F2 Cat. No: 7 Fune
Page 114 and 115: Çadır Höyük Type I c Cat. No: 1
Page 116 and 117: Type I c Type IV a1 Type IVb Cat. N
Page 118 and 119: Type II a1 Cat. No: 24 Kalınkaya n
Page 120 and 121: POLATLI: Ankara province. Type II c
Page 122 and 123: YAZILIKAYA: Afyon province. Type I
Page 124 and 125: Type V b Type II a2 Type II a1 Cat.
Page 126 and 127: Type I c2 Type ? Type III a Cat. No
Page 128: Type I a Cat. No: 47 Sadberk Hanım
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EARLY BRONZE AGE DAGGERS IN CENTRAL ... - Bilkent University

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