Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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Chapter 1 Introduction Subject matter What's this book about? This guide documents the changes made in the Firebird SQL language between InterBase 6 and Firebird 2.1.x. It covers the following areas: • Reserved words • Data types and subtypes • DDL statements (Data Definition Language) • DML statements (Data Manipulation Language) • Transaction control statements • PSQL statements (Procedural SQL, used in stored procedures and triggers) • Context variables • Operators and predicates • Aggregate functions • Internal functions • UDFs (User Defined Functions, also known as external functions) To have a complete Firebird 2.1 SQL reference, you need: • The InterBase 6.0 beta SQL Reference (LangRef.pdf and/or SQLRef.html) • This document Non-SQL topics are not discussed in this document. These include: • ODS versions • Bug listings • Installation and configuration • Upgrade, migration and compatibility • Server architectures • API functions • Connection protocols • Tools and utilities Consult the Release Notes for information on these subjects. You can find the Release Notes and other documentation via the Firebird Documentation Index at http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc. 1
Introduction Versions covered This document covers all Firebird versions up to and including 2.1.4. Authorship Most of this document was written by the main author. The remainder (3–4%) was lifted from various Firebird Release Notes editions, which in turn contain material from preceding sources like the Whatsnew documents. Authors and editors of the included material are: • J. Beesley • Helen Borrie • Arno Brinkman • Frank Ingermann • Vlad Khorsun • Alex Peshkov • Nickolay Samofatov • Adriano dos Santos Fernandes • Dmitry Yemanov 2
Page 1 and 2: Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Upd
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1. Introduction .
Page 6 and 7: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update F
Page 8 and 9: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update A
Page 10 and 11: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update s
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 Reserved words and keywor
Page 16 and 17: LOCK LOG LOG10 LPAD MATCHED MATCHIN
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 3 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
Page 20 and 21: Example: select name, age, case upp
Page 22 and 23: Data types and subtypes • Partial
Page 24 and 25: Added in: 1.0, 1.5, 1.5.1, 2.0, 2.1
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 5 DDL statements The statem
Page 28 and 29: With a special attribute (case-sens
Page 30 and 31: DIFFERENCE FILE parameter Added in:
Page 32 and 33: CREATE DOMAIN Available in: DSQL, E
Page 34 and 35: Example: DDL statements create exce
Page 36 and 37: Syntax: Example: ALTER EXTERNAL FUN
Page 38 and 39: DDL statements -- the following que
Page 40 and 41: DDL statements PROCEDURE A stored p
Page 42 and 43: DDL statements Description: Firebir
Page 44 and 45: DDL statements NOT NULL in variable
Page 46 and 47: CREATE GENERATOR Available in: DSQL
Page 48 and 49: Better alternative: DROP SEQUENCE D
Page 50 and 51: ) DDL statements lastname varchar(2
Page 52 and 53: USING INDEX subclause Available in:
Page 54 and 55: ALTER COLUMN: SET DEFAULT Available
Page 56 and 57: UNIQUE constraints now allow NULLs
Page 58 and 59: Example: DDL statements create trig
Page 60 and 61: Multi-action triggers Added in: 1.5
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NOT NULL in variable declarations C
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DDL statements Restriction on recre
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DDL statements got a chance to put
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ORDER BY Available in: DSQL, PSQL A
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DML statements ROWS can also be use
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DML statements COLLATE in variable
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The same call in ESQL (with obligat
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DML statements Description: A SELEC
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DML statements Aggregate functions
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Syntax: Example: Notes: ::= DML
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DML statements select d.dept_no, d.
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DML statements FIRST and SKIP are b
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DML statements select strlen(lastna
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DML statements Description: A natur
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DML statements • Only non-negativ
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Example: DML statements plan (MyTab
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UNIONs in subqueries Changed in: 2.
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Restrictions DML statements • The
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DML statements Description: Limits
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Chapter 7 Available in: DSQL Added
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Transaction control statements If t
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Transaction control statements •
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Chapter 8 PSQL statements PSQL - Pr
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PSQL statements • If sql_datatype
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Warning PSQL statements If you chan
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PSQL statements exception ex_bad_ty
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PSQL statements as declare variable
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Examples: PSQL statements thoroughl
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leave; end end c = 0; PSQL statemen
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Chapter 9 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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Changed in: 2.0 Context variables D
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Context variables its execution was
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Context variables Description: OLD
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Chapter 10 Changed in: 2.0 Operator
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UNION as subselect Changed in: 2.0
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Chapter 11 Aggregate functions Aggr
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Chapter 12 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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• If the argument is NULL, NULL i
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Result type: INTEGER or BIGINT Synt
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Result type: INTEGER Syntax: BIT_LE
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Internal functions This gives you c
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Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in:
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Example: The equivalent CASE constr
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WEEK Bug alert Internal functions M
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Internal functions • If x is nega
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Examples: Internal functions lpad (
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Internal functions This will return
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Internal functions overlay ('Goodby
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Internal functions Description: Cre
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Internal functions reverse ('Was it
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Syntax: SINH (number) Important Int
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Page 174 and 175:
Notes: Internal functions • If th
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Description: Returns the arc cosine
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Changed in: 1.0, 2.
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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External functions (UDFs) Descripti
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Syntax: cot (angle) Declaration: Ex
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Added in: IB Change
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Changed in: 1.5, 1.5.2, 2.0 Better
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External functions (UDFs) DECLARE E
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See sright. Library: fbudf Added in
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) Fo
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Syntax: sign (number) Declaration:
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Library: fbudf Added in: 1.0 (Win),
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) th
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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Appendix A: Notes Character set NON
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Table A.1. How TPB settings affect
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Notes A note on CSTRING parameters
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Notes Maximum number of indices in
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Document History DDL statements ::
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Document History Internal functions
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Appendix C: License notice The cont
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Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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