Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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UNIQUE constraints now allow NULLs Changed in: 1.5 DDL statements Description: In compliance with the SQL-99 standard, NULLs – even multiple – are now allowed in columns with a UNIQUE constraint. For a full discussion, see CREATE TABLE :: UNIQUE constraints now allow NULLs. USING INDEX subclause Available in: DSQL Added in: 1.5 Description: A USING INDEX subclause can be placed at the end of a primary, unique or foreign key definition. Its purpose is to • provide a user-defined name for the automatically created index that enforces the constraint, and • optionally define the index to be ascending or descending (the default being ascending). Syntax: [ADD] [CONSTRAINT constraint-name] [USING [ASC[ENDING] | DESC[ENDING]] INDEX index_name] For a full discussion and examples, see CREATE TABLE :: USING INDEX subclause. RECREATE TABLE Available in: DSQL Added in: 1.0 Description: Creates or recreates a table. If a table with the same name already exists, RECREATE TABLE will try to drop it (destroying all its data in the process!) and create a new table. RECREATE TABLE will fail if the existing table is in use. Syntax: Exactly the same as CREATE TABLE. CREATE TRIGGER Available in: DSQL, ESQL TRIGGER 45
DDL statements Description: Creates a trigger, a block of PSQL code that is executed automatically upon certain database events or mutations to a table or view. Syntax: CREATE TRIGGER name { | | } AS [] BEGIN [] END ::= FOR {tablename | viewname} [ACTIVE | INACTIVE] {BEFORE | AFTER} [POSITION number] ::= [ACTIVE | INACTIVE] {BEFORE | AFTER} [POSITION number] ON {tablename | viewname} ::= [ACTIVE | INACTIVE] ON db_event [POSITION number] ::= mutation [OR mutation [OR mutation]] mutation ::= INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE db_event ::= CONNECT | DISCONNECT | TRANSACTION START | TRANSACTION COMMIT | TRANSACTION ROLLBACK number ::= 0..32767 (default is 0) ::= See PSQL::DECLARE for the exact syntax • “Legacy” and “sql2003” relation triggers are exactly the same. The only thing that differs is the creation syntax. • Triggers with lower position numbers fire first. Position numbers need not be unique, but if two or more triggers have the same position, the firing order between them is undefined. • When defining relation triggers, each mutation type (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE) may occur at most once in the mutation list. SQL-2003-compliant syntax for relation triggers Added in: 2.1 Description: Since Firebird 2.1, an alternative, SQL-2003-compliant syntax can be used for triggers on tables and views. Instead of specifying “FOR relationname” before the event type and the optional directives surrounding it, you can now put “ON relationname” after it, as shown in the syntax earlier in this chapter. 46
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Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Upd
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction .
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Page 8 and 9: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update A
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Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 Introduction Subject matt
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 Reserved words and keywor
Page 16 and 17: LOCK LOG LOG10 LPAD MATCHED MATCHIN
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 3 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
Page 20 and 21: Example: select name, age, case upp
Page 22 and 23: Data types and subtypes • Partial
Page 24 and 25: Added in: 1.0, 1.5, 1.5.1, 2.0, 2.1
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 5 DDL statements The statem
Page 28 and 29: With a special attribute (case-sens
Page 30 and 31: DIFFERENCE FILE parameter Added in:
Page 32 and 33: CREATE DOMAIN Available in: DSQL, E
Page 34 and 35: Example: DDL statements create exce
Page 36 and 37: Syntax: Example: ALTER EXTERNAL FUN
Page 38 and 39: DDL statements -- the following que
Page 40 and 41: DDL statements PROCEDURE A stored p
Page 42 and 43: DDL statements Description: Firebir
Page 44 and 45: DDL statements NOT NULL in variable
Page 46 and 47: CREATE GENERATOR Available in: DSQL
Page 48 and 49: Better alternative: DROP SEQUENCE D
Page 50 and 51: ) DDL statements lastname varchar(2
Page 52 and 53: USING INDEX subclause Available in:
Page 54 and 55: ALTER COLUMN: SET DEFAULT Available
Page 58 and 59: Example: DDL statements create trig
Page 60 and 61: Multi-action triggers Added in: 1.5
Page 62 and 63: NOT NULL in variable declarations C
Page 64 and 65: DDL statements Restriction on recre
Page 66 and 67: DDL statements got a chance to put
Page 68 and 69: ORDER BY Available in: DSQL, PSQL A
Page 70 and 71: DML statements ROWS can also be use
Page 72 and 73: DML statements COLLATE in variable
Page 74 and 75: The same call in ESQL (with obligat
Page 76 and 77: DML statements Description: A SELEC
Page 78 and 79: DML statements Aggregate functions
Page 80 and 81: Syntax: Example: Notes: ::= DML
Page 82 and 83: DML statements select d.dept_no, d.
Page 84 and 85: DML statements FIRST and SKIP are b
Page 86 and 87: DML statements select strlen(lastna
Page 88 and 89: DML statements Description: A natur
Page 90 and 91: DML statements • Only non-negativ
Page 92 and 93: Example: DML statements plan (MyTab
Page 94 and 95: UNIONs in subqueries Changed in: 2.
Page 96 and 97: Restrictions DML statements • The
Page 98 and 99: DML statements Description: Limits
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 7 Available in: DSQL Added
Page 102 and 103: Transaction control statements If t
Page 104 and 105: Transaction control statements •
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Chapter 8 PSQL statements PSQL - Pr
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PSQL statements • If sql_datatype
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Warning PSQL statements If you chan
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PSQL statements exception ex_bad_ty
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PSQL statements as declare variable
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Examples: PSQL statements thoroughl
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leave; end end c = 0; PSQL statemen
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Chapter 9 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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Changed in: 2.0 Context variables D
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Context variables its execution was
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Context variables Description: OLD
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Chapter 10 Changed in: 2.0 Operator
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UNION as subselect Changed in: 2.0
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Chapter 11 Aggregate functions Aggr
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Chapter 12 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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• If the argument is NULL, NULL i
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Result type: INTEGER or BIGINT Synt
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Result type: INTEGER Syntax: BIT_LE
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Internal functions This gives you c
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Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in:
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Example: The equivalent CASE constr
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WEEK Bug alert Internal functions M
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Internal functions • If x is nega
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Examples: Internal functions lpad (
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Internal functions This will return
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Internal functions overlay ('Goodby
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Internal functions Description: Cre
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Internal functions reverse ('Was it
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Syntax: SINH (number) Important Int
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Notes: Internal functions • If th
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Description: Returns the arc cosine
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Changed in: 1.0, 2.
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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External functions (UDFs) Descripti
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Syntax: cot (angle) Declaration: Ex
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Added in: IB Change
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Changed in: 1.5, 1.5.2, 2.0 Better
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External functions (UDFs) DECLARE E
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See sright. Library: fbudf Added in
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) Fo
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Syntax: sign (number) Declaration:
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Library: fbudf Added in: 1.0 (Win),
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) th
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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Appendix A: Notes Character set NON
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Table A.1. How TPB settings affect
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Notes A note on CSTRING parameters
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Notes Maximum number of indices in
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Document History DDL statements ::
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Document History Internal functions
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Appendix C: License notice The cont
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Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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