Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Subject matter ................................................................................................................................ 1 Versions covered ............................................................................................................................ 2 Authorship ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Reserved words and keywords ............................................................................................................ 3 Added since InterBase 6 ................................................................................................................. 3 Newly reserved words ............................................................................................................ 3 New keywords ....................................................................................................................... 4 Dropped since InterBase 6 .............................................................................................................. 6 No longer reserved ................................................................................................................. 6 No longer keywords ............................................................................................................... 6 Possibly reserved in future versions ................................................................................................ 6 3. Miscellaneous language elements ........................................................................................................ 7 -- (single-line comment) ................................................................................................................. 7 Shorthand casts .............................................................................................................................. 7 CASE construct .............................................................................................................................. 8 Simple CASE ......................................................................................................................... 8 Searched CASE ...................................................................................................................... 9 4. Data types and subtypes ................................................................................................................... 10 BIGINT data type ......................................................................................................................... 10 BLOB data type ............................................................................................................................ 10 Text BLOB support in functions and operators ....................................................................... 10 Various enhancements .......................................................................................................... 11 New character sets ....................................................................................................................... 11 Character set NONE handling changed ........................................................................................... 12 New collations ............................................................................................................................. 13 Unicode collations for all character sets ................................................................................ 14 5. DDL statements ............................................................................................................................... 15 COLLATION ................................................................................................................................. 15 CREATE COLLATION ........................................................................................................... 15 DROP COLLATION ............................................................................................................... 17 COMMENT ................................................................................................................................... 17 DATABASE .................................................................................................................................. 18 CREATE DATABASE ............................................................................................................ 18 ALTER DATABASE .............................................................................................................. 19 DOMAIN ...................................................................................................................................... 21 CREATE DOMAIN ................................................................................................................ 21 ALTER DOMAIN .................................................................................................................. 21 EXCEPTION ................................................................................................................................. 22 CREATE EXCEPTION ........................................................................................................... 22 CREATE OR ALTER EXCEPTION .......................................................................................... 23 RECREATE EXCEPTION ....................................................................................................... 23 EXTERNAL FUNCTION ................................................................................................................ 23 DECLARE EXTERNAL FUNCTION ........................................................................................ 23 ALTER EXTERNAL FUNCTION ............................................................................................. 24 FILTER ........................................................................................................................................ 25 DECLARE FILTER ................................................................................................................ 25 INDEX ......................................................................................................................................... 26 iv
Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update CREATE INDEX ................................................................................................................... 26 Privileges: GRANT and REVOKE .................................................................................................. 28 REVOKE ADMIN OPTION ..................................................................................................... 28 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................ 29 CREATE PROCEDURE .......................................................................................................... 29 ALTER PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................ 32 CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE ......................................................................................... 33 DROP PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................. 33 RECREATE PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................... 33 SEQUENCE or GENERATOR ......................................................................................................... 34 CREATE SEQUENCE ............................................................................................................ 34 CREATE GENERATOR .......................................................................................................... 35 ALTER SEQUENCE ............................................................................................................... 35 SET GENERATOR ................................................................................................................. 36 DROP SEQUENCE ................................................................................................................ 36 DROP GENERATOR .............................................................................................................. 36 TABLE ......................................................................................................................................... 37 CREATE TABLE ................................................................................................................... 37 ALTER TABLE ..................................................................................................................... 42 RECREATE TABLE ............................................................................................................... 45 TRIGGER ..................................................................................................................................... 45 CREATE TRIGGER ............................................................................................................... 45 ALTER TRIGGER .................................................................................................................. 50 CREATE OR ALTER TRIGGER .............................................................................................. 52 DROP TRIGGER ................................................................................................................... 52 RECREATE TRIGGER ........................................................................................................... 52 VIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 53 CREATE VIEW ..................................................................................................................... 53 RECREATE VIEW ................................................................................................................. 55 6. DML statements ............................................................................................................................... 56 DELETE ....................................................................................................................................... 56 COLLATE subclause for text BLOB columns .......................................................................... 56 ORDER BY ........................................................................................................................... 57 PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 57 Relation alias makes real name unavailable ........................................................................... 57 RETURNING ......................................................................................................................... 57 ROWS .................................................................................................................................. 58 EXECUTE BLOCK ........................................................................................................................ 59 COLLATE in variable and parameter declarations ................................................................... 61 NOT NULL in variable and parameter declarations ................................................................. 61 Domains instead of datatypes ................................................................................................ 61 EXECUTE PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................ 62 INSERT ........................................................................................................................................ 63 INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES .............................................................................................. 64 RETURNING clause .............................................................................................................. 64 UNION allowed in feeding SELECT ....................................................................................... 64 MERGE ........................................................................................................................................ 65 SELECT ....................................................................................................................................... 66 Aggregate functions: Extended functionality .......................................................................... 66 COLLATE subclause for text BLOB columns .......................................................................... 68 Common Table Expressions (“WITH ... AS ... SELECT”) ......................................................... 68 Derived tables (“SELECT FROM SELECT”) ............................................................................ 71 v
Page 1 and 2: Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Upd
Page 6 and 7: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update F
Page 8 and 9: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update A
Page 10 and 11: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update s
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 Introduction Subject matt
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 Reserved words and keywor
Page 16 and 17: LOCK LOG LOG10 LPAD MATCHED MATCHIN
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 3 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
Page 20 and 21: Example: select name, age, case upp
Page 22 and 23: Data types and subtypes • Partial
Page 24 and 25: Added in: 1.0, 1.5, 1.5.1, 2.0, 2.1
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 5 DDL statements The statem
Page 28 and 29: With a special attribute (case-sens
Page 30 and 31: DIFFERENCE FILE parameter Added in:
Page 32 and 33: CREATE DOMAIN Available in: DSQL, E
Page 34 and 35: Example: DDL statements create exce
Page 36 and 37: Syntax: Example: ALTER EXTERNAL FUN
Page 38 and 39: DDL statements -- the following que
Page 40 and 41: DDL statements PROCEDURE A stored p
Page 42 and 43: DDL statements Description: Firebir
Page 44 and 45: DDL statements NOT NULL in variable
Page 46 and 47: CREATE GENERATOR Available in: DSQL
Page 48 and 49: Better alternative: DROP SEQUENCE D
Page 50 and 51: ) DDL statements lastname varchar(2
Page 52 and 53: USING INDEX subclause Available in:
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ALTER COLUMN: SET DEFAULT Available
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UNIQUE constraints now allow NULLs
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Example: DDL statements create trig
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Multi-action triggers Added in: 1.5
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NOT NULL in variable declarations C
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DDL statements Restriction on recre
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DDL statements got a chance to put
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ORDER BY Available in: DSQL, PSQL A
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DML statements ROWS can also be use
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DML statements COLLATE in variable
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The same call in ESQL (with obligat
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DML statements Description: A SELEC
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DML statements Aggregate functions
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Syntax: Example: Notes: ::= DML
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DML statements select d.dept_no, d.
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DML statements FIRST and SKIP are b
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DML statements select strlen(lastna
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DML statements Description: A natur
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DML statements • Only non-negativ
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Example: DML statements plan (MyTab
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UNIONs in subqueries Changed in: 2.
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Restrictions DML statements • The
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DML statements Description: Limits
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Chapter 7 Available in: DSQL Added
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Transaction control statements If t
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Transaction control statements •
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Chapter 8 PSQL statements PSQL - Pr
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PSQL statements • If sql_datatype
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Warning PSQL statements If you chan
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PSQL statements exception ex_bad_ty
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PSQL statements as declare variable
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Examples: PSQL statements thoroughl
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leave; end end c = 0; PSQL statemen
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Chapter 9 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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Changed in: 2.0 Context variables D
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Context variables its execution was
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Context variables Description: OLD
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Chapter 10 Changed in: 2.0 Operator
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UNION as subselect Changed in: 2.0
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Chapter 11 Aggregate functions Aggr
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Chapter 12 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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• If the argument is NULL, NULL i
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Result type: INTEGER or BIGINT Synt
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Result type: INTEGER Syntax: BIT_LE
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Internal functions This gives you c
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Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in:
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Example: The equivalent CASE constr
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WEEK Bug alert Internal functions M
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Internal functions • If x is nega
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Examples: Internal functions lpad (
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Internal functions This will return
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Internal functions overlay ('Goodby
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Internal functions Description: Cre
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Internal functions reverse ('Was it
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Syntax: SINH (number) Important Int
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Notes: Internal functions • If th
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Description: Returns the arc cosine
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Changed in: 1.0, 2.
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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External functions (UDFs) Descripti
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Syntax: cot (angle) Declaration: Ex
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Added in: IB Change
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Changed in: 1.5, 1.5.2, 2.0 Better
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External functions (UDFs) DECLARE E
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See sright. Library: fbudf Added in
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) Fo
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Syntax: sign (number) Declaration:
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Library: fbudf Added in: 1.0 (Win),
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) th
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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Appendix A: Notes Character set NON
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Table A.1. How TPB settings affect
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Notes A note on CSTRING parameters
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Notes Maximum number of indices in
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Document History DDL statements ::
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Document History Internal functions
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Appendix C: License notice The cont
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Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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