Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update FIRST and SKIP .................................................................................................................... 72 GROUP BY ........................................................................................................................... 74 HAVING: Stricter rules ......................................................................................................... 75 JOIN .................................................................................................................................... 75 ORDER BY ........................................................................................................................... 77 PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 80 Relation alias makes real name unavailable ........................................................................... 81 ROWS .................................................................................................................................. 81 UNION ................................................................................................................................. 82 WITH LOCK ......................................................................................................................... 83 UPDATE ....................................................................................................................................... 84 COLLATE subclause for text BLOB columns .......................................................................... 85 ORDER BY ........................................................................................................................... 85 PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 85 Relation alias makes real name unavailable ........................................................................... 85 RETURNING ......................................................................................................................... 86 ROWS .................................................................................................................................. 86 UPDATE OR INSERT .................................................................................................................... 87 7. Transaction control statements .......................................................................................................... 89 RELEASE SAVEPOINT .................................................................................................................. 89 ROLLBACK .................................................................................................................................. 89 ROLLBACK RETAIN ............................................................................................................. 89 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT ................................................................................................. 90 SAVEPOINT ................................................................................................................................. 90 Internal savepoints ................................................................................................................ 91 Savepoints and PSQL ........................................................................................................... 92 SET TRANSACTION ..................................................................................................................... 92 IGNORE LIMBO ................................................................................................................... 93 LOCK TIMEOUT ................................................................................................................... 93 NO AUTO UNDO .................................................................................................................. 93 8. PSQL statements .............................................................................................................................. 95 BEGIN ... END blocks may be empty ............................................................................................. 95 BREAK ........................................................................................................................................ 95 CLOSE cursor ............................................................................................................................... 96 DECLARE .................................................................................................................................... 96 DECLARE ... CURSOR .......................................................................................................... 97 DECLARE [VARIABLE] with initialization ............................................................................. 98 DECLARE with DOMAIN instead of datatype ......................................................................... 98 COLLATE in variable declaration .......................................................................................... 99 NOT NULL in variable declaration ......................................................................................... 99 EXCEPTION ............................................................................................................................... 100 Rethrowing a caught exception ........................................................................................... 100 Providing a custom error message ....................................................................................... 100 EXECUTE PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................. 101 EXECUTE STATEMENT .............................................................................................................. 101 No data returned ................................................................................................................ 101 One row of data returned .................................................................................................... 102 Any number of data rows returned ...................................................................................... 102 Caveats with EXECUTE STATEMENT .................................................................................. 103 EXIT .......................................................................................................................................... 103 FETCH cursor ............................................................................................................................. 103 FOR EXECUTE STATEMENT ... DO ............................................................................................. 104 vi
Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update FOR SELECT ... INTO ... DO ........................................................................................................ 104 AS CURSOR clause ............................................................................................................. 105 LEAVE ....................................................................................................................................... 106 OPEN cursor ............................................................................................................................... 107 PLAN allowed in trigger code ..................................................................................................... 107 UDFs callable as void functions .................................................................................................. 107 WHERE CURRENT OF valid again for view cursors ...................................................................... 108 9. Context variables ............................................................................................................................ 109 CURRENT_CONNECTION ............................................................................................................. 109 CURRENT_ROLE .......................................................................................................................... 109 CURRENT_TIME .......................................................................................................................... 110 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ............................................................................................................... 110 CURRENT_TRANSACTION ........................................................................................................... 111 CURRENT_USER .......................................................................................................................... 112 DELETING .................................................................................................................................. 112 GDSCODE .................................................................................................................................... 112 INSERTING ................................................................................................................................ 113 NEW ............................................................................................................................................ 113 'NOW' ........................................................................................................................................ 114 OLD ............................................................................................................................................ 114 ROW_COUNT ................................................................................................................................ 115 SQLCODE .................................................................................................................................... 116 UPDATING .................................................................................................................................. 116 10. Operators and predicates ............................................................................................................... 117 NULL literals allowed as operands ............................................................................................... 117 || (string concatenator) ................................................................................................................. 117 Text BLOB concatenation .................................................................................................... 117 Result type VARCHAR or BLOB ......................................................................................... 117 Overflow checking ............................................................................................................. 118 ALL ........................................................................................................................................... 118 NULL literals allowed .......................................................................................................... 118 UNION as subselect ............................................................................................................ 118 ANY / SOME .............................................................................................................................. 118 NULL literals allowed .......................................................................................................... 118 UNION as subselect ............................................................................................................ 119 IN .............................................................................................................................................. 119 NULL literals allowed .......................................................................................................... 119 UNION as subselect ............................................................................................................ 119 IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM .......................................................................................................... 119 NEXT VALUE FOR ..................................................................................................................... 120 SOME ......................................................................................................................................... 120 11. Aggregate functions ...................................................................................................................... 121 LIST() ......................................................................................................................................... 121 MAX() ........................................................................................................................................ 122 MIN() ......................................................................................................................................... 122 12. Internal functions .......................................................................................................................... 123 ABS() ......................................................................................................................................... 123 ACOS() ....................................................................................................................................... 123 ASCII_CHAR() ............................................................................................................................ 124 ASCII_VAL() ............................................................................................................................... 124 ASIN() ........................................................................................................................................ 125 ATAN() ...................................................................................................................................... 125 vii
Page 1 and 2: Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Upd
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1. Introduction .
Page 8 and 9: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update A
Page 10 and 11: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update s
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 Introduction Subject matt
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 Reserved words and keywor
Page 16 and 17: LOCK LOG LOG10 LPAD MATCHED MATCHIN
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 3 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
Page 20 and 21: Example: select name, age, case upp
Page 22 and 23: Data types and subtypes • Partial
Page 24 and 25: Added in: 1.0, 1.5, 1.5.1, 2.0, 2.1
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 5 DDL statements The statem
Page 28 and 29: With a special attribute (case-sens
Page 30 and 31: DIFFERENCE FILE parameter Added in:
Page 32 and 33: CREATE DOMAIN Available in: DSQL, E
Page 34 and 35: Example: DDL statements create exce
Page 36 and 37: Syntax: Example: ALTER EXTERNAL FUN
Page 38 and 39: DDL statements -- the following que
Page 40 and 41: DDL statements PROCEDURE A stored p
Page 42 and 43: DDL statements Description: Firebir
Page 44 and 45: DDL statements NOT NULL in variable
Page 46 and 47: CREATE GENERATOR Available in: DSQL
Page 48 and 49: Better alternative: DROP SEQUENCE D
Page 50 and 51: ) DDL statements lastname varchar(2
Page 52 and 53: USING INDEX subclause Available in:
Page 54 and 55: ALTER COLUMN: SET DEFAULT Available
Page 56 and 57:
UNIQUE constraints now allow NULLs
Page 58 and 59:
Example: DDL statements create trig
Page 60 and 61:
Multi-action triggers Added in: 1.5
Page 62 and 63:
NOT NULL in variable declarations C
Page 64 and 65:
DDL statements Restriction on recre
Page 66 and 67:
DDL statements got a chance to put
Page 68 and 69:
ORDER BY Available in: DSQL, PSQL A
Page 70 and 71:
DML statements ROWS can also be use
Page 72 and 73:
DML statements COLLATE in variable
Page 74 and 75:
The same call in ESQL (with obligat
Page 76 and 77:
DML statements Description: A SELEC
Page 78 and 79:
DML statements Aggregate functions
Page 80 and 81:
Syntax: Example: Notes: ::= DML
Page 82 and 83:
DML statements select d.dept_no, d.
Page 84 and 85:
DML statements FIRST and SKIP are b
Page 86 and 87:
DML statements select strlen(lastna
Page 88 and 89:
DML statements Description: A natur
Page 90 and 91:
DML statements • Only non-negativ
Page 92 and 93:
Example: DML statements plan (MyTab
Page 94 and 95:
UNIONs in subqueries Changed in: 2.
Page 96 and 97:
Restrictions DML statements • The
Page 98 and 99:
DML statements Description: Limits
Page 100 and 101:
Chapter 7 Available in: DSQL Added
Page 102 and 103:
Transaction control statements If t
Page 104 and 105:
Transaction control statements •
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 8 PSQL statements PSQL - Pr
Page 108 and 109:
PSQL statements • If sql_datatype
Page 110 and 111:
Warning PSQL statements If you chan
Page 112 and 113:
PSQL statements exception ex_bad_ty
Page 114 and 115:
PSQL statements as declare variable
Page 116 and 117:
Examples: PSQL statements thoroughl
Page 118 and 119:
leave; end end c = 0; PSQL statemen
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 9 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
Page 122 and 123:
Changed in: 2.0 Context variables D
Page 124 and 125:
Context variables its execution was
Page 126 and 127:
Context variables Description: OLD
Page 128 and 129:
Chapter 10 Changed in: 2.0 Operator
Page 130 and 131:
UNION as subselect Changed in: 2.0
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 11 Aggregate functions Aggr
Page 134 and 135:
Chapter 12 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
Page 136 and 137:
• If the argument is NULL, NULL i
Page 138 and 139:
Result type: INTEGER or BIGINT Synt
Page 140 and 141:
Result type: INTEGER Syntax: BIT_LE
Page 142 and 143:
Internal functions This gives you c
Page 144 and 145:
Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Example: The equivalent CASE constr
Page 150 and 151:
WEEK Bug alert Internal functions M
Page 152 and 153:
Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
Page 154 and 155:
Internal functions • If x is nega
Page 156 and 157:
Examples: Internal functions lpad (
Page 158 and 159:
Internal functions This will return
Page 160 and 161:
Internal functions overlay ('Goodby
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Internal functions Description: Cre
Page 166 and 167:
Internal functions reverse ('Was it
Page 168 and 169:
Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
Page 170 and 171:
Syntax: SINH (number) Important Int
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Notes: Internal functions • If th
Page 176 and 177:
Description: Returns the arc cosine
Page 178 and 179:
Declaration: External functions (UD
Page 180 and 181:
Library: ib_udf Changed in: 1.0, 2.
Page 182 and 183:
Better alternative: Internal functi
Page 184 and 185:
External functions (UDFs) Descripti
Page 186 and 187:
Syntax: cot (angle) Declaration: Ex
Page 188 and 189:
Declaration: External functions (UD
Page 190 and 191:
Library: ib_udf Added in: IB Change
Page 192 and 193:
Changed in: 1.5, 1.5.2, 2.0 Better
Page 194 and 195:
External functions (UDFs) DECLARE E
Page 196 and 197:
See sright. Library: fbudf Added in
Page 198 and 199:
Notes: External functions (UDFs) Fo
Page 200 and 201:
Syntax: sign (number) Declaration:
Page 202 and 203:
Library: fbudf Added in: 1.0 (Win),
Page 204 and 205:
Notes: External functions (UDFs) th
Page 206 and 207:
Better alternative: Internal functi
Page 208 and 209:
Appendix A: Notes Character set NON
Page 210 and 211:
Table A.1. How TPB settings affect
Page 212 and 213:
Notes A note on CSTRING parameters
Page 214 and 215:
Notes Maximum number of indices in
Page 216 and 217:
Document History DDL statements ::
Page 218 and 219:
Document History Internal functions
Page 220:
Appendix C: License notice The cont
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