Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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Chapter 3 Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in: 1.0 Changed in: 1.5 Miscellaneous language elements -- (single-line comment) Description: A line starting with “--” (two dashes) is a comment and will be ignored. This also makes it easy to quickly comment out a line of SQL. In Firebird 1.5 and up, the “--” can be placed anywhere on the line, e.g. after an SQL statement. Everything from the double dash to the end of the line will be ignored. Example: -- a table to store our valued customers in: create table Customers ( name varchar(32), added_by varchar(24), custno varchar(8), purchases integer -- number of purchases ) Notice that the second comment is only allowed in Firebird 1.5 and up. Available in: DSQL, ESQL, PSQL Added in: IB Shorthand casts Description: When converting a string literal to a DATE, TIME or TIMESTAMP, Firebird allows the use of a shorthand “C-style” cast. This feature already existed in InterBase 6, but was never properly documented. Syntax: datatype 'date/timestring' 7
Examples: Miscellaneous language elements update People set AgeCat = 'Old' where BirthDate < date '1-Jan-1943' insert into Appointments (Employee_Id, Client_Id, App_date, App_time) values (973, 8804, date 'today' + 2, time '16:00') new.lastmod = timestamp 'now'; See also: CAST Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in: 1.5 CASE construct Description: A CASE construct returns exactly one value from a number of possibilities. There are two syntactic variants: • The simple CASE, comparable to a Pascal case or a C switch. • The searched CASE, which works like a series of “if ... else if ... else if” clauses. Simple CASE Syntax: CASE WHEN THEN result [WHEN THEN result ...] [ELSE defaultresult] END When this variant is used, is compared to 1, 2 etc., until a match is found, upon which the corresponding result is returned. If there is no match and there is an ELSE clause, defaultresult is returned. If there is no match and no ELSE clause, NULL is returned. The match is determined with the “=” operator, so if is NULL, it won't match any of the s, not even those that are NULL. The results don't have to be literal values: they may also be field or variable names, compound expressions, or NULL literals. A shorthand form of the simple CASE construct is the DECODE() function, available since Firebird 2.1. 8
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Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1. Introduction .
Page 6 and 7: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update F
Page 8 and 9: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update A
Page 10 and 11: Firebird 2.1 Language Ref. Update s
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 Introduction Subject matt
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 Reserved words and keywor
Page 16 and 17: LOCK LOG LOG10 LPAD MATCHED MATCHIN
Page 20 and 21: Example: select name, age, case upp
Page 22 and 23: Data types and subtypes • Partial
Page 24 and 25: Added in: 1.0, 1.5, 1.5.1, 2.0, 2.1
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 5 DDL statements The statem
Page 28 and 29: With a special attribute (case-sens
Page 30 and 31: DIFFERENCE FILE parameter Added in:
Page 32 and 33: CREATE DOMAIN Available in: DSQL, E
Page 34 and 35: Example: DDL statements create exce
Page 36 and 37: Syntax: Example: ALTER EXTERNAL FUN
Page 38 and 39: DDL statements -- the following que
Page 40 and 41: DDL statements PROCEDURE A stored p
Page 42 and 43: DDL statements Description: Firebir
Page 44 and 45: DDL statements NOT NULL in variable
Page 46 and 47: CREATE GENERATOR Available in: DSQL
Page 48 and 49: Better alternative: DROP SEQUENCE D
Page 50 and 51: ) DDL statements lastname varchar(2
Page 52 and 53: USING INDEX subclause Available in:
Page 54 and 55: ALTER COLUMN: SET DEFAULT Available
Page 56 and 57: UNIQUE constraints now allow NULLs
Page 58 and 59: Example: DDL statements create trig
Page 60 and 61: Multi-action triggers Added in: 1.5
Page 62 and 63: NOT NULL in variable declarations C
Page 64 and 65: DDL statements Restriction on recre
Page 66 and 67: DDL statements got a chance to put
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ORDER BY Available in: DSQL, PSQL A
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DML statements ROWS can also be use
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DML statements COLLATE in variable
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The same call in ESQL (with obligat
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DML statements Description: A SELEC
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DML statements Aggregate functions
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Syntax: Example: Notes: ::= DML
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DML statements select d.dept_no, d.
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DML statements FIRST and SKIP are b
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DML statements select strlen(lastna
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DML statements Description: A natur
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DML statements • Only non-negativ
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Example: DML statements plan (MyTab
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UNIONs in subqueries Changed in: 2.
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Restrictions DML statements • The
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DML statements Description: Limits
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Chapter 7 Available in: DSQL Added
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Transaction control statements If t
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Transaction control statements •
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Chapter 8 PSQL statements PSQL - Pr
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PSQL statements • If sql_datatype
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Warning PSQL statements If you chan
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PSQL statements exception ex_bad_ty
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PSQL statements as declare variable
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Examples: PSQL statements thoroughl
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leave; end end c = 0; PSQL statemen
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Chapter 9 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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Changed in: 2.0 Context variables D
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Context variables its execution was
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Context variables Description: OLD
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Chapter 10 Changed in: 2.0 Operator
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UNION as subselect Changed in: 2.0
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Chapter 11 Aggregate functions Aggr
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Chapter 12 Available in: DSQL, PSQL
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• If the argument is NULL, NULL i
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Result type: INTEGER or BIGINT Synt
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Result type: INTEGER Syntax: BIT_LE
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Internal functions This gives you c
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Available in: DSQL, PSQL Added in:
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Example: The equivalent CASE constr
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WEEK Bug alert Internal functions M
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Internal functions • If x is nega
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Examples: Internal functions lpad (
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Internal functions This will return
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Internal functions overlay ('Goodby
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Internal functions Description: Cre
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Internal functions reverse ('Was it
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Added in: 2.1 Internal functions De
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Syntax: SINH (number) Important Int
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Notes: Internal functions • If th
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Description: Returns the arc cosine
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Changed in: 1.0, 2.
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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External functions (UDFs) Descripti
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Syntax: cot (angle) Declaration: Ex
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Declaration: External functions (UD
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Library: ib_udf Added in: IB Change
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Changed in: 1.5, 1.5.2, 2.0 Better
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External functions (UDFs) DECLARE E
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See sright. Library: fbudf Added in
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) Fo
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Syntax: sign (number) Declaration:
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Library: fbudf Added in: 1.0 (Win),
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Notes: External functions (UDFs) th
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Better alternative: Internal functi
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Appendix A: Notes Character set NON
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Table A.1. How TPB settings affect
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Notes A note on CSTRING parameters
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Notes Maximum number of indices in
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Document History DDL statements ::
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Document History Internal functions
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Appendix C: License notice The cont
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Firebird 2.1 Language Reference Update

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