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Figure 1: Revised framework for sustainable livelihoods (Cahn, 2006: 146). 18
2.4.3 Social and cultural capital Despite definitions describing the importance of other assets, during the 1990’s, efforts to operationalise sustainable development have been led largely by ‘Western’ ecological economists utilising Capital Theory (Loomis, 2000). This conceptual work has largely ignored indigenous peoples’ efforts to achieve self-determination and embark on development initiatives of their own. Loomis (2000) argues that ‘grassroots’, indigenous initiatives which draw on residual stocks of social/cultural capital for their impetus, provide useful insights into problems of conceiving and operationalising ‘sustainable development’. The Economist (March 1, 1997; cited in Loomis, 2000) commented that economists and policy makers seem to have rediscovered that institutions, social relationships and culture matter in development. Furthermore, Putnam (1994) published a study of the historic relationship between economic development and civil institutions in various regions of Italy. He concluded that while economists do not predict the strength of civil society, the converse appears to be the case: “a region’s chances of achieving socioeconomic development [depend] less on its socioeconomic endowments than on its civic endowments” (Putman, 1994: 157). Sustainable development for Maori therefore relies on sustaining and enhancing the social/cultural capital. In defining the core characteristics of social/cultural capital in a Maori context, it is necessary to first conceptualise contemporary appreciations of just what social and cultural assets encompass. Cahn (2006) effectively illustrates the respective social and cultural components and the overlap between these in Figure 2. 19
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Statement Lincoln Univers
Page 3 and 4: Abstract of a dissertation submitte
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Abstract………
Page 9 and 10: 5.5 Conclusion…………………
Page 11 and 12: Glossary Note: New Zealand has two
Page 13 and 14: Tika integrity, correct Tikanga pro
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Backgro
Page 17 and 18: 1.3 No hea koe? Literally, “where
Page 19 and 20: What are the relationships between
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.1 Arrival and adaptation in Aot
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.3 Taewa Maori The first introdu
Page 25 and 26: 2.3 Maori worldviews Societies and
Page 27 and 28: after the birth of a child, traditi
Page 29 and 30: 2.4.1 The concept of sustainable de
Page 31: eference to cultural aspects, despi
Page 35 and 36: Pono (truth) Manaaki (sharing and
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Introduc
Page 39 and 40: information. This field research wa
Page 41 and 42: Direct observation refers to a ‘s
Page 43 and 44: ecause of the high level of English
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4: Results 4.1 Introduction
Page 47 and 48: the generations away from somewhere
Page 49 and 50: is fewer and fewer because we’re
Page 51 and 52: foreign and difficult to accept and
Page 53 and 54: “The other thing though I think w
Page 55 and 56: Values or ordinances are what defin
Page 57 and 58: linking you back to Papatuanuku - t
Page 59 and 60: “We have grown them [taewa] for m
Page 61 and 62: house… if you do it repeatedly it
Page 63 and 64: Clearly whanaungatanga is another w
Page 65 and 66: ehind it because we know very well
Page 67 and 68: will give them a life at least as g
Page 69 and 70: wrong it’s building on something
Page 71 and 72: There is also the challenge of acqu
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 5: Discussion 5.1 Introduct
Page 75 and 76: Taewa are described as a taonga, a
Page 77 and 78: While tangible outcomes such as mon
Page 79 and 80: interrelated and to be accounted fo
Page 81 and 82: 5.5 Conclusion This discussion has
Page 83 and 84:
traditional methods of land managem
Page 85 and 86:
6.4 Final comments… Taewa product
Page 87 and 88:
Davidson, C. & Tolich, M. (2003).
Page 89 and 90:
Hooper, A. (1998). Pacific Islands
Page 91 and 92:
Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, Attitu
Page 93 and 94:
Appendices Appendix 1: Common taewa
Page 95 and 96:
Appendix 2 continued: What do you c
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