Vaporization of JP-8 Jet Fuel in a Simulated Aircraft Fuel Tank ...

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Temperature, Deg. F. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Thermocouple Error 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Time, seconds Average Measured Ullage Temp Calculated Bulk Ullage Temp Figure 5.3. Measured tank temperatures and calculated ullage temperatures for a dry tank at 30,000’ (4.6 psia). Temperature, Deg. F. 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 - Thermocouple Error 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Time, seconds Average Measured Ullage Temp Calculated Bulk Ullage Temp Figure 5.4. Average measured ullage temperature and calculated bulk ullage temperature for a partially filled tank (M.L.=31.5 kg/m 3 ) at sea level. 35
5.1.2 Isooctane Fuel Vaporization Test Figure 5.5 shows results from single component fuel vaporization at atmospheric pressure and reduced ambient temperature. Isooctane being quite volatile, it was necessary to allow the fuel to cool for several hours to near 3°F in order to obtain fuel vapor concentrations within the FID calibration range of 0-4% propane equivalent. Figure 5.5 shows that at the start of the test, after cooling, there was very good agreement between the measured and calculated vapor concentration. As the fuel temperature increased, the ullage vapor concentration also increased due to increasing vaporization. The fuel vapor measurement was carried out intermittently at some times during the test to preserve the purity of the sample, as the test time was almost 2 hours. During the latter part of the test the FID vapor concentration measurements fluctuated at high vapor concentrations above 30,000 ppm. This was later seen in other experiments at high vapor concentrations as well, and was most likely due to some condensation occurring in the sample lines at cold spots and subsequent vaporization at warmer locations. Considering the difficulties involved in using isooctane as the test fuel, the agreement between the measured and calculated fuel vapor concentrations was considered satisfactory. 36
Page 1 and 2: DOT/FAA/AR-TT09/42 Air Traffic Orga
Page 3 and 4: 1. Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-TT09/42 4.
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS VAPORIZATION
Page 7 and 8: DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
Page 9 and 10: 5.0 RESULTS 32 5.1 Validation Tests
Page 11 and 12: 5.7 JP-8 fuel vaporization at sea l
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Compa
Page 15 and 16: develop procedures to lessen the li
Page 17 and 18: When it was determined that a CWT e
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 Objectives of the Thesis The ul
Page 21 and 22: has more additives, such as an anti
Page 23 and 24: equilibrium is dynamic in nature, b
Page 25 and 26: factor in making these calculations
Page 27 and 28: Volume Fraction, % 30 25 20 15 10 5
Page 29 and 30: 0.035±0.004 at 0°C [26]. The publ
Page 31 and 32: Raleigh numbers which were of order
Page 33 and 34: loading of fuel and be subjected to
Page 35 and 36: pressures. The heaters in the pump
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.1. View of top surface of
Page 39 and 40: the tank and the ullage vapor conce
Page 41 and 42: attempted, but provided inaccurate
Page 43 and 44: pump that could draw samples from a
Page 45 and 46: 5.0 RESULTS When inputting the expe
Page 47: etween measured and predicted value
Page 51 and 52: higher altitudes, as continuous sam
Page 53 and 54: Temperature, Deg. F. 140 120 100 80
Page 55 and 56: Temperature, Deg. F. 70 60 50 40 30
Page 57 and 58: % Propane Equivalent 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Page 59 and 60: % Propane Equivalent 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
Page 61 and 62: liquid fuel the mass of fuel evapor
Page 63 and 64: In the beginning of the test, the l
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Flammability Assessment 6.2.1 F
Page 67 and 68: average measured liquid temperature
Page 69 and 70: Fuel to Air Mass Ratio 0.05 0.045 0
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.2 Fuel Tank Under Varying Ambie
Page 73 and 74: Fuel to Air Mass Ratio 0.045 0.04 0
Page 75 and 76: Fuel to Air Mass Ratio 0.05 0.04 0.
Page 77 and 78: temperature measurements would be r
Page 79 and 80: Which is appropriate for Raleigh nu
Page 81 and 82: d dt ( mg c pgTg ) = hb Ab ( Tb −
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX C: EXPERIMENTAL FUEL FLASH
Page 85 and 86: 13. Fuel Flammability Task Group, A

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