Understanding Map Projections

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WINKEL I Distance Generally, scale is made true along latitudes 50°28' N and S. LIMITATIONS Neither conformal nor equal area. Useful only for world maps. The central meridian is 0°. USES AND APPLICATIONS Developed for use in general world maps. If the standard parallels are 50°28' N and S, the total area scale is correct, but local area scales vary. DESCRIPTION Often used for world maps, the Winkel I projection is a pseudocylindrical projection that averages the coordinates from the Equirectangular (Equidistant Cylindrical) and Sinusoidal projections. Developed by Oswald Winkel in 1914. PROJECTION METHOD Pseudocylindrical. Coordinates are the average of the Sinusoidal and Equirectangular projections. Meridians are equally spaced sinusoidal curves curving toward the central meridian. The central meridian is a straight line. Parallels are equally spaced straight lines. The length of the poles and the central meridian depends on the standard parallels. If the standard parallel is the equator, Eckert V results. LINEAR GRATICULES The parallels and the central meridian. PROPERTIES Shape Generally distorted. Area Generally distorted. Direction Generally distorted. 96 • Understanding Map Projections
WINKEL II LIMITATIONS Neither conformal nor equal area. Useful only for world maps. USES AND APPLICATIONS Developed for use in general world maps. The central meridian is 0°. DESCRIPTION A pseudocylindrical projection that averages the coordinates from the Equirectangular and Mollweide projections. Developed by Oswald Winkel in 1918. PROJECTION METHOD Pseudocylindrical. Coordinates are the average of the Mollweide and Equirectangular projections. Meridians are equally spaced curves, curving toward the central meridian. The central meridian is a straight line. Parallels are equally spaced straight lines. The length of the poles and the central meridian depends on the standard parallels. LINEAR GRATICULES The parallels and the central meridian. PROPERTIES Shape Generally distorted. Area Generally distorted. Direction Generally distorted. Distance Generally, scale is made true along the standard latitudes. Supported map projections• 97
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Understanding Map Projections GIS b
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Contents CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHIC COOR
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State Plane Coordinate System .....
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GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS A geo
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SPHEROIDS AND SPHERES The shape and
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DATUMS While a spheroid approximate
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2 Projected coordinate systems Proj
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WHAT IS A MAP PROJECTION? Whether y
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PROJECTION TYPES Because maps are f
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maintained for both small-scale and
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Planar projections Planar projectio
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OTHER PROJECTIONS The projections d
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The four parameters above are used
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GEOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION METHODS M
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Unless explicitly stated, it’s im
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National Transformation version 2 L
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LIST OF SUPPORTED MAP PROJECTIONS A
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Loximuthal McBryde-Thomas Flat-Pola
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AITOFF USES AND APPLICATIONS Develo
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ALASKA SERIES E LIMITATIONS This pr
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AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT Area Distorti
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BIPOLAR OBLIQUE CONFORMAL CONIC DES
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CASSINI-SOLDNER Area No distortion
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CRASTER PARABOLIC Distance Scale is
Page 52 and 53: DOUBLE STEREOGRAPHIC Oblique aspect
Page 54 and 55: ECKERT II The central meridian is 1
Page 56 and 57: ECKERT IV parallels. Nearer the pol
Page 58 and 59: ECKERT VI central meridian. Scale i
Page 60 and 61: EQUIDISTANT CYLINDRICAL LINES OF CO
Page 62 and 63: GALL’S STEREOGRAPHIC Area Area is
Page 64 and 65: GEOCENTRIC COORDINATE SYSTEM Geogra
Page 66 and 67: GNOMONIC PROPERTIES Shape Increasin
Page 68 and 69: HAMMER-AITOFF LIMITATIONS Useful on
Page 70 and 71: KROVAK Direction Local angles are a
Page 72 and 73: LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC Area Minima
Page 74 and 75: LOXIMUTHAL Distance Scale is true a
Page 76 and 77: MERCATOR Greenland is only one-eigh
Page 78 and 79: MOLLWEIDE Distance Scale is true al
Page 80 and 81: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES Shape Minim
Page 82 and 83: PLATE CARRÉE Direction North, sout
Page 84 and 85: POLYCONIC Direction Local angles ar
Page 86 and 87: RECTIFIED SKEWED ORTHOMORPHIC DESCR
Page 88 and 89: SIMPLE CONIC Equirectangular projec
Page 90 and 91: SPACE OBLIQUE MERCATOR DESCRIPTION
Page 92 and 93: Montana—The three zones for Monta
Page 94 and 95: TIMES LIMITATIONS Useful only for w
Page 96 and 97: 10,000,000 meters to ensure that al
Page 98 and 99: UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC Area
Page 100 and 101: VAN DER GRINTEN I Distance Scale al
Page 104 and 105: WINKEL T RIPEL Distance Generally,
Page 107 and 108: Glossary angular units The unit of
Page 109 and 110: High Accuracy Reference Network A r
Page 111: UTM See Universal Transverse Mercat
Page 114 and 115: Eckert VI 52 ED 1950 6 Ellipse 101
Page 116: Projections (continued) planar 17,
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Understanding Map Projections

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