Understanding Map Projections

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LIST OF SUPPORTED MAP PROJECTIONS Aitoff Alaska Grid Alaska Series E Albers Equal Area Conic Azimuthal Equidistant Behrmann Equal Area Cylindrical Bipolar Oblique Conformal Conic Bonne Cassini–Soldner Chamberlin Trimetric Craster Parabolic Cylindrical Equal Area Double Stereographic Eckert I Eckert II Eckert III Eckert IV Eckert V Eckert VI A compromise projection developed in 1889 and used for world maps. This projection was developed to provide a conformal map of Alaska with less scale distortion than other conformal projections. Developed in 1972 by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to publish a map of Alaska at 1:2,500,000 scale. This conic projection uses two standard parallels to reduce some of the distortion of a projection with one standard parallel. Shape and linear scale distortion are minimized between the standard parallels. The most significant characteristic of this projection is that both distance and direction are accurate from the central point. This projection is an equal-area cylindrical projection suitable for world mapping. This projection was developed specifically for mapping North and South America and maintains conformality. This equal-area projection has true scale along the central meridian and all parallels. This transverse cylindrical projection maintains scale along the central meridian and all lines parallel to it. This projection is neither equal area nor conformal. This projection was developed and used by the National Geographic Society for continental mapping. The distance from three input points to any other point is approximately correct. This pseudocylindrical equal-area projection is primarily used for thematic maps of the world. Lambert first described this equal-area projection in 1772. It is used infrequently. This azimuthal projection is conformal. This pseudocylindrical projection is used primarily as a novelty map. A pseudocylindrical equal-area projection. This pseudocylindrical projection is used primarily for world maps. This equal-area projection is used primarily for world maps. This pseudocylindrical projection is used primarily for world maps. This equal-area projection is used primarily for world maps. 30 • Understanding Map Projections
Equidistant Conic Equidistant Cylindrical Equirectangular Gall’s Stereographic Gauss–Krüger Geocentric Coordinate System Geographic Coordinate System Gnomonic Great Britain National Grid Hammer–Aitoff Hotine Oblique Mercator Krovak Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Lambert Conformal Conic Local Cartesian Projection This conic projection can be based on one or two standard parallels. As the name implies, all circular parallels are spaced evenly along the meridians. One of the easiest projections to construct because it forms a grid of equal rectangles. This projection is very simple to construct because it forms a grid of equal rectangles. The Gall’s Stereographic projection is a cylindrical projection designed around 1855 with two standard parallels at latitudes 45° N and 45° S. This projection is similar to the Mercator except that the cylinder is tangent along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions. The geocentric coordinate system is not a map projection. The earth is modeled as a sphere or spheroid in a right-handed X,Y,Z system. The geographic coordinate system is not a map projection. The earth is modeled as a sphere or spheroid. This azimuthal projection uses the center of the earth as its perspective point. This coordinate system uses a Transverse Mercator projected on the Airy spheroid. The central meridian is scaled to 0.9996. The origin is 49° N and 2° W. The Hammer–Aitoff projection is a modification of the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection. This is an oblique rotation of the Mercator projection. Developed for conformal mapping of areas that do not follow a north–south or east–west orientation but are obliquely oriented. The Krovak projection is an oblique Lambert conformal conic projection designed for the former Czechoslovakia. This projection preserves the area of individual polygons while simultaneously maintaining true directions from the center. This projection is one of the best for middle latitudes. It is similar to the Albers Conic Equal Area projection except that the Lambert Conformal Conic projection portrays shape more accurately than area. This is a specialized map projection that does not take into account the curvature of the earth. Supported map projections • 31
Page 1 and 2: Understanding Map Projections GIS b
Page 3 and 4: Contents CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHIC COOR
Page 5: State Plane Coordinate System .....
Page 8 and 9: GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS A geo
Page 10 and 11: SPHEROIDS AND SPHERES The shape and
Page 12 and 13: DATUMS While a spheroid approximate
Page 15 and 16: 2 Projected coordinate systems Proj
Page 17 and 18: WHAT IS A MAP PROJECTION? Whether y
Page 19 and 20: PROJECTION TYPES Because maps are f
Page 21 and 22: maintained for both small-scale and
Page 23 and 24: Planar projections Planar projectio
Page 25 and 26: OTHER PROJECTIONS The projections d
Page 27: The four parameters above are used
Page 30 and 31: GEOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION METHODS M
Page 32 and 33: Unless explicitly stated, it’s im
Page 34 and 35: National Transformation version 2 L
Page 38 and 39: Loximuthal McBryde-Thomas Flat-Pola
Page 40 and 41: AITOFF USES AND APPLICATIONS Develo
Page 42 and 43: ALASKA SERIES E LIMITATIONS This pr
Page 44 and 45: AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT Area Distorti
Page 46 and 47: BIPOLAR OBLIQUE CONFORMAL CONIC DES
Page 48 and 49: CASSINI-SOLDNER Area No distortion
Page 50 and 51: CRASTER PARABOLIC Distance Scale is
Page 52 and 53: DOUBLE STEREOGRAPHIC Oblique aspect
Page 54 and 55: ECKERT II The central meridian is 1
Page 56 and 57: ECKERT IV parallels. Nearer the pol
Page 58 and 59: ECKERT VI central meridian. Scale i
Page 60 and 61: EQUIDISTANT CYLINDRICAL LINES OF CO
Page 62 and 63: GALL’S STEREOGRAPHIC Area Area is
Page 64 and 65: GEOCENTRIC COORDINATE SYSTEM Geogra
Page 66 and 67: GNOMONIC PROPERTIES Shape Increasin
Page 68 and 69: HAMMER-AITOFF LIMITATIONS Useful on
Page 70 and 71: KROVAK Direction Local angles are a
Page 72 and 73: LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC Area Minima
Page 74 and 75: LOXIMUTHAL Distance Scale is true a
Page 76 and 77: MERCATOR Greenland is only one-eigh
Page 78 and 79: MOLLWEIDE Distance Scale is true al
Page 80 and 81: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES Shape Minim
Page 82 and 83: PLATE CARRÉE Direction North, sout
Page 84 and 85: POLYCONIC Direction Local angles ar
Page 86 and 87:
RECTIFIED SKEWED ORTHOMORPHIC DESCR
Page 88 and 89:
SIMPLE CONIC Equirectangular projec
Page 90 and 91:
SPACE OBLIQUE MERCATOR DESCRIPTION
Page 92 and 93:
Montana—The three zones for Monta
Page 94 and 95:
TIMES LIMITATIONS Useful only for w
Page 96 and 97:
10,000,000 meters to ensure that al
Page 98 and 99:
UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC Area
Page 100 and 101:
VAN DER GRINTEN I Distance Scale al
Page 102 and 103:
WINKEL I Distance Generally, scale
Page 104 and 105:
WINKEL T RIPEL Distance Generally,
Page 107 and 108:
Glossary angular units The unit of
Page 109 and 110:
High Accuracy Reference Network A r
Page 111:
UTM See Universal Transverse Mercat
Page 114 and 115:
Eckert VI 52 ED 1950 6 Ellipse 101
Page 116:
Projections (continued) planar 17,
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