Understanding Map Projections
Understanding Map Projections
Understanding Map Projections
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WINKEL T RIPEL<br />
Distance<br />
Generally, scale is made true along latitudes<br />
50.467° N and S or 40° N and S. The second case is<br />
used by Bartholomew Ltd., a British mapmaking<br />
company.<br />
LIMITATIONS<br />
Neither conformal nor equal area. Useful only for<br />
world maps.<br />
The central meridian is 0°, and the standard parallels are at<br />
50.467° N and S.<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
A compromise projection used for world maps that<br />
averages the coordinates from the Equirectangular<br />
(Equidistant Cylindrical) and Aitoff projections.<br />
Developed by Oswald Winkel in 1921.<br />
USES AND APPLICATIONS<br />
Developed for use in general and thematic world<br />
maps.<br />
Used by the National Geographic Society since 1998<br />
for general and thematic world maps.<br />
PROJECTION METHOD<br />
Modified azimuthal. Coordinates are the average of<br />
the Aitoff and Equirectangular projections. Meridians<br />
are equally spaced and concave toward the central<br />
meridian. The central meridian is a straight line.<br />
Parallels are equally spaced curves, concave toward<br />
the poles. The poles are around 0.4 times the length<br />
of the equator. The length of the poles depends on<br />
the standard parallel chosen.<br />
LINEAR GRATICULES<br />
The equator and the central meridian.<br />
PROPERTIES<br />
Shape<br />
Shape distortion is moderate. In the polar regions<br />
along the outer meridians, the distortion is severe.<br />
Area<br />
Distortion is moderate. In the polar regions along the<br />
outer meridians, the distortion is severe.<br />
Direction<br />
Generally distorted.<br />
98 • <strong>Understanding</strong> <strong>Map</strong> <strong>Projections</strong>
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