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CREDITS: NELSON ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A. 102, 11594 (2005) has extraordinary medicinal powers. Although its health benefits remain somewhat contentious, garlic is currently marketed as an alternative therapy for high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, excessive blood clotting, and many other disorders. Garlic’s pungent taste and odor are due to sulfur-containing components such as allicin, whose physiological mechanism of action has been unclear. Bautista et al.and Macpherson et al. show that allicin activates an excitatory ion channel called TRPA1, which is expressed on sensory neurons involved in innervation of the skin, tongue, and other tissues, including vascular smooth muscle. Based on experiments with isolated rat arteries, Bautista et al. propose that allicin-induced excitation of these neurons causes release of peptides that mediate vasodilation, which could potentially explain garlic’s effect on blood pressure. Interestingly, the TRP family of ion channels had previously been identified as the molecular target of ingredients in other spicy foods such as chili peppers, wasabi, and yellow mustard, suggesting that these compounds all activate a common pathway. — PAK Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 12248 (2005); Curr. Biol. 15, 929 (2005). CONTINUED FROM 1459 EDITORS’ CHOICE CHEMISTRY Magnetic Catalysts In the chemical synthesis of drugs, the route via homogeneous catalysis by metal complexes is plagued by the challenge of separating residual toxic metal from the product. Binding the catalyst to a heterogeneous support can simplify this purification step, but at the expense of reducing the mixing efficiency between catalyst and reagent. Hu et al.have found a compromise by fusing a ruthenium catalyst to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles. The tiny particles mix efficiently with molecular reagents and would ordinarily be hard to remove by filtration, but by holding a small magnet to the flask, the authors can retain the catalyst and decant the product. The Ru complex, a variant of Noyori’s binaphthyl-based asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst, was attached to 8-nm-diameter particles through a phosphonate group. A range of aromatic ketones were reduced quantitatively to alcohols at room temperature and 0.1 mol % catalyst loading, with enantiomeric excesses ranging from 77 to 98%, and the catalyst could be recycled 10 times without loss of activity. — JSY J. Am. Chem. Soc. 10.1021/ja053881o (2005). H IGHLIGHTED IN S CIENCE’ S S IGNAL T RANSDUCTION K NOWLEDGE E NVIRONMENT Geometry of Cell Proliferation Localized differences in cell proliferation can help sculpt tissues during morphogenesis and produce the complex structures found in mature organisms. In some cases, however, changes in tissue structure occur before changes in cell proliferation. To show that geometry could itself feed back and regulate cell proliferation, Nelson et al.cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells on small fibronectincoated islands surrounded by nonadhesive regions. Examination of cell growth on islands of different sizes and shapes—or on undulating surfaces—revealed distinctive and nonuniform patterns of proliferation. A finite element model predicted that cell proliferation would be greatest in regions of high mechanical stress; this was confirmed by culturing cells on a Cell proliferation (red, high; violet, low) in the model (left) and in the dish (right). force sensor array that allowed traction forces to be measured directly. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase, myosin light-chain kinase, or nonmuscle myosin II ATPase (to decrease tension generated through the cytoskeleton), or disruption of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions, attenuated gradients of cell proliferation, whereas expression of a constitutively active RhoA mutant enhanced them. — EMA Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 11594 (2005). www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 309 2 SEPTEMBER 2005 Breakthrough Software for BioMedical PowerPoint Presentations! ScienceSlides for MS PowerPoint Easily browse and search through high quality content! Seamlessly integrated with PowerPoint. ScienceSlides 2005 Fall Edition is an extensively updated version of ScienceSlides 2005 with new fields of Botany and Nutrition and significant additions to all other categories. Now contains an exhaustive set of tools for BioMedical presentations by scientists, educators and health professionals. Use the provided objects directly or easily modify for your specific needs without leaving MS PowerPoint! for OS X and Windows! Histology and Cytology Biology Anatomy Molecular Pathology Methods Botany Nutrition and more... Covered fields: Chemistry Biochemistry Pharmacology Molecular Biology Signaling Now available in two packages: ScienceSlides 2005 Fall Edition Basic ScienceSlides 2005 Fall Edition Full Starting at $199 New from VisiScience: MySlidesTagger - for easy access and retrieval of your slides and images demo and ordering info: www.VisiScience.com ScienceSlides 2005 Fall Edition requirements: Microsoft Windows 2000 or XP and Microsoft PowerPoint 2000 or higher / Mac OSX 10.2 or higher and Microsoft Office X or higher. © Visiscience Corp. 2005 All rights reserved. ScienceSlides and the ScienceSlides logo are registered trademarks of VisiScience, Corp. All other trademarks mentioned in this document or Web site are property of their respective owners. VisiScience reserves the right to change the content of ScienceSlides.
GENETIC IMAGINE SOLVING ABOUT THE SPONSORS: GE Healthcare GE Healthcare helps predict, diagnose, inform and treat so that every individual can live life to the fullest. GE Healthcare employs more than 42,500 people in more than 100 countries and is one of the world’s leading suppliers of transformational medical technologies. AAAS/Science As well as publishing the journal Science, AAAS is an international non-profit organization dedicated to advancing science around the world by serving as an educator, leader, spokesperson and professional association.
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