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Focus 1476 1481 1482 Fateful fetal information Vioxx on trial A dark secret tution. But there’s been no evidence for it until now,” says Eichler. Given the chimp data, “people will rethink the regulatory hypothesis,” predicts Huntington Willard of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Another Nature paper addresses a controversy about whether the human Y chromosome will vanish within some 10 million years. Geneticist David Page of the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and colleagues report the detailed sequence of the “X-degenerate” region of the chimp Y, which contains functional genes once paired with those on the X but now being slowly eroded by deleterious mutations. Page’s team then compared human and chimp Ys to see whether either lineage has lost functional genes since they split. The researchers found that the chimp had indeed suffered the slings and arrows of evolutionary fortune. Of the 16 functional genes in this part of the human Y, chimps had lost the function of five due to mutations. In contrast, humans had all 11 functional genes also seen on the chimp Y. “The human Y chromosome hasn’t lost a gene in 6 million years,” says Page. “It seems like the demise of the hypothesis of the demise of the Y,” says geneticist Andrew Clark of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Although the chimp genome should be a boon for biomedical studies, an accompanying Nature commentary by Varki and colleagues calls for moderation, using principles generally similar to those that guide human experimentation. The similarity of the two genomes underscores the importance of an ethical approach to our closest living cousins, says Waterston. –ELIZABETH CULOTTA CREDIT: MARTY KATZ BIOETHICS Final NIH Rules Ease Stock Limits The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, has relaxed ethics rules issued 6 months ago that many feared would drive talent away from the agency. NIH Director Elias Zerhouni last week announced that the agency’s final rules would no longer require all employees to limit their stock in biotech or drug companies. But NIH will retain a blanket ban on consulting for industry. The revised rules seem to please both NIH scientists and outside critics. “Dr. Zerhouni has done an admirable job addressing a difficult yet critical issue,” said House Energy and Commerce Committee chair Joe Barton (R–TX), whose committee held several hearings on the subject. The rules appear to end a controversy that has roiled NIH since late 2003, when the Los Angeles Times raised questions about several senior NIH researchers who had been paid large sums to consult for drug or biotech companies. NIH eventually found at least 44 cases in which researchers didn’t receive proper ethics approval and nine possible criminal violations. To address the problem, Zerhouni issued interim ethics rules in February 2005 that banned all biomedical consulting—even for nonprofits—and limited all employees’ ownership of drug company stock (Science, 11 February, p. 824). The interim rules outraged many NIH employees. Some senior intramural scientists cited the rules as a factor in their departure, one institute director threatened to leave, and a newly hired one delayed his arrival. After receiving 1300 mostly critical comments, NIH “decided to adjust in terms of degree,” Zerhouni told reporters. Stock limits will now apply only to about 200 senior staff, including directors and other top managers of NIH’s 27 institutes and centers. By next February, these employees and their families must limit their stock to $15,000 in any one company “significantly involved” in biomedicine. Previously, this limit would have applied to 12,000 lower-level employees, and about 6000 senior staff would have had to divest all their drug company stock. Those senior staff and clinicians will now have to report their holdings for review. NIH will no longer ban work done for associations, such as serving as an officer of a Tight reins. NIH Director Elias Zerhouni says final rules are “most restrictive” in the field. scientific society. The final rules also allow compensation for reviewing scientific grants and for giving a single lecture—the interim rules exempted only entire courses—and make clear that approval is not needed for hobbies, such as coaching youth soccer. The NIH Assembly of Scientists’ executive committee “is very pleased” by the changes, says member Cynthia Dunbar of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. “Morale should improve markedly,” she adds. Howard Garrison of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology expressed relief that NIH scientists can maintain ties to professional associations. Dunbar says concerns remain that the industry consulting ban will harm recruitment and retention. Zerhouni says he decided to retain the ban after concluding NIH doesn’t have “adequate systems” to prevent abuses. He added, however, that NIH intends to review the rule within a year. Although NIH scientists can still work with companies through cooperative agreements, some outside biomedical leaders suggest that’s not enough: “It is also important to continue to seek ways to foster appropriate interactions with” industry researchers, says Phil Pizzo, dean of the Stanford University School of Medicine, who served on a 2004 NIH advisory panel that favored allowing some industry consulting. Not everyone thinks the final rules solve NIH’s ethics problems. “There’s a whole variety of things involving laundered money going to people whose views are favorable,” such as drug company-sponsored education courses, says Sidney Wolfe, of the Washington, D.C.–based watchdog group Public Citizen. But Zerhouni defended the new plan as “the most restrictive of any rules we know about in the world of biomedical research.” The final regulation was to take effect this week when it was published in the Federal Register. –JOCELYN KAISER www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 309 2 SEPTEMBER 2005 1469
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