Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile ASL - Gallaudet University

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PDE – Steven D. Collins Findings and Interpretations _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.2. Overall Patterns across the various adverbial types The data in Section 4.1 shows examples from each of the adverb types considered. In each of the adverbial types, Tactile ASL has a characteristic pattern of variation differentiating it from the visual ASL signing pattern. In summary, the findings are as follows: Adverbial Feature: Prolonged Hold Specific or Extra Sign Tenseness of the Hand Extended Location Longer and Slower Movement Redundancy Manner/Degree √ √ √ √ √ Time √ Duration √ √ √ √ Frequency √ √ √ √ Purpose √ √ Place/Position/ Direction √ √ Table 1 - Summary of Findings In the table above (√) indicates that the feature is sometimes found in an adverbial of the indicated type. Whereas, this same feature is generally not present in visual ASL. The features observed, as shown in the table are: 1. Prolonged Hold. The signer will introduce a final hold segment into the sign in order to provide clarity. 2. Specific or Extra Sign. The signer will introduce an extra sign that substitutes for the unobserved non-manual signal. 3. Tenseness of the Hand. The signer will tense the muscles in his/her hand in a way that can be felt by the other person. 4. Extended Location. The signer will expand the size of the signing space in order to provide the other person with an opportunity to understand the sign. 5. Longer and Slower Movement. The signer will slow-down the production of the sign thus spreading it out over a longer time. 6. Redundancy. This means the signer will repeat information that would otherwise be unnecessary. 67
PDE – Steven D. Collins Findings and Interpretations _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Five of these features – prolonged hold, tenseness, extended location, longer and slower movement, and redundancy have to do exactly with phonetic production of the adverbials and very adequately capture the nature of the variation. The sixth feature, specific or extra sign, is a feature of a syntactic nature. In addition, the five phonetic features are identical to or similar to features used by other sign language researchers to describe adverbials, starting with Klima and Bellugi in 1979 and continuing with work by Baker and Cokely (1980), Liddell and Johnson (1989), Metlay and Supalla (1995), Bridges and Metzger (1996), to name a few. In ASL, manner is often “fused” with the verb, that is, the verb is modulated so that it includes information on how the action was carried out. For example, verbs describing actions that were performed quickly may have rapid movements, while verbs that provide temporal information may have reduplicated segments or circular movements. This type of modulation has generally been treated as a morphological process which marks aspect. In addition to movement modulation, non-manual signals contribute adverbial-type meaning. This non-manual component is one of the focal points of the current project. Non-manual signs provide an additional layer of meaning to adjectives, predicates and adverbials. Without the non-manual component, the meaning of a sign or group of signs is the canonical “uninflected” denotative meaning. The 50-minute videotaped conversation used in this PDE was analyzed to find and identify occurrences and distribution of the types of adverbials as described above. There were a total of 282 sign sequences containing a total of 284 adverbials identified and coded in the 50-minute session. Most of the sequences contained a single adverbial. However, some of the sequences contained more than one adverbial. Data was summarized and presented showing the number of occurrences of each type of adverbial among all of the adverbials. Type Number of Occurrences Percentage Duration 28 9.96% Manner/Degree 105 37.37% Time 76 27.05% Frequency 4 1.42% Place/Position/Direction 60 21.71% Purpose 11 3.91% Table 2 - Occurrence of data by type 68
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Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile ASL - Gallaudet University

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