Forest Condition in Europe - ICP Forests

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8 Forest Condition in Europe 2013 Norway spruce decreased, defoliation of Fagus sylvatica and the oak species groups increased since 1992. In addition to defoliation, crown condition assessments comprise discolouration as well as damage caused by biotic and abiotic factors. Among the different damage factors, insects and fungi are the most frequent ones.
Forest Condition in Europe 2013 9 1. Introduction Forest condition in Europe has been monitored since 1986 by the International Co-operative Programme on the Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) in the framework of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The number of countries participating in ICP Forests has meanwhile grown to 42 including Canada and the United States of America, rendering ICP Forests one of the largest biomonitoring networks of the world. ICP Forests has been chaired by Germany from the beginning on. The Institute for World Forestry of the Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) hosts the Programme Coordinating Centre (PCC) of ICP Forests. The work of ICP Forests was frequently co-financed by the European Commission (EC) or even conducted in close cooperation with it. Aimed mainly at the assessment of effects of air pollution on forests, ICP Forests provides scientific information to CLRTAP as a basis of legally binding protocols on air pollution abatement policies. For this purpose ICP Forests developed a harmonised monitoring approach comprising a large-scale forest monitoring (Level I) as well as a forest ecosystem forest monitoring (Level II) approach laid down in the ICP Forests Manual. The participating countries submit their monitoring data to PCC for validation, storage, and analysis. While ICP Forests - in line with its obligations under CLRTAP - focuses on air pollution effects, its monitoring approach was extended towards assessments of forest information related to carbon budgets, climate change, and biodiversity. This was accomplished in close cooperation with the EC LIFE project “FutMon” in the years 2009 to 2011. ICP Forests delivers also information to processes of international environmental politics other than CLRTAP. This holds true in particular for the provision of information on several indicators for sustainable forest management laid down by Forest Europe (FE). The present report describes the results of the latest analyses of the ICP Forests large-scale (Level I) and forest ecosystem related (Level II) monitoring data. It is structured as follows: Chapter 2 describes the Level I and Level II monitoring systems. Chapter 3 presents results of the 2012 crown condition survey including assessments of different damage causes. In Chapter 4 the spatial and temporal variation of sulphur and nitrogen deposition are described. Chapters 5 focus on the risks posed to forests by air pollution and climate change. Chapter 6 consists of national reports by the participating countries, focussing on crown condition in 2012 as well as its development and its causes. Maps, graphs and tables concerning the transnational and the national results are presented in the Annexes.
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