Forest Condition in Europe - ICP Forests

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88 Forest Condition in Europe 2013 The results of the available data processing and the assessment of the degree of defoliation of individual conifer and broadleaf species % are: Abies alba (None 94,2, Slight 2,9, Moderate 0,0, Severe 2,9 and Dead 0.0); Picea abies (None 86,9, Slight 11,0, Moderate 1,4, Severe 0,0, Dead 0,7); Pinus nigra (None 38,8, Slight 14,9, Moderate 35,8, Severe 10,5, Dead 0,0); Pinus silvestris (None 83,9, Slight 14,3, Moderate 0,0, Severe 1,8, Dead 0.0). The degree of defoliation calculated for all conifer trees is as follows: no defoliation 78,3 % trees, slight defoliation 10,7 % trees, moderate 7,7 % trees, severe defoliation 3,0 % trees and dead 0,3% trees. Individual tree species defoliation (%) are: Carpinus betulus (None 76,9, Slight 12,0, Moderate 8,5, Severe 0,9, Dead 1,7); Fagus moesiaca (None 88,9, Slight 8,8, Moderate 1,6, Severe 0,5, Dead 0,2); Quercus cerris (None 61,6, Slight 25,1, Moderate 9,4, Severe 3,5, Dead 0,4); Quercus frainetto (None 74,7, Slight 16,7, Moderate 7,3, Severe 0,8, Dead 0,5); Quercus petraea (None 50,0, Slight 33,8, Moderate 15,0, Severe 0,6, Dead 0,6) and the rest (None 51,2, Slight 28,8, Moderate 13,9, Severe 3,9, Dead 2,2). Degree of defoliation calculated for all broadleaf species is as follows: no defoliation 70,8% trees, slight defoliation 19,0% trees, moderate 7,6%, severe defoliation 1,8 % trees and dead 0,8 % trees. The data in the above show the presence of sample trees with moderate and severe degrees of defoliation, but this does not always signify the reduction of vitality score caused by the effect of adverse agents (climate stress, insect pests, pathogenic fungi). This can only be a temporary phase of natural variability of crown density. 6.11. Slovak Republic The 2012 national crown condition survey was carried out on 108 Level I plots on the 16x16km grid net. The assessments covered 4787 trees, 3898 of which being assessed as dominant or co-dominant trees according to Kraft. Of the 3898 assessed trees, 37.9% were damaged (defoliation classes 2-4). The respective figures were 43.5% for conifers and 33.9% for broadleaves trees. Compared to the 2011, the share of tree defoliated more than 25% increased by 3.2 percent points. Mean defoliation for all tree species together was 25.5%, with 27.2% for conifers and 24.4% for broadleaves trees. Results show that crown condition in Slovak Republic is worse than in European average. It is mainly due to worse condition of coniferous species. Compared to 2011 survey, worsening (average defoliation) was observed in all broadleaved tree species except for Fagus sylvatica. Since 1987, the lowest damage was observed for Fagus sylvatica and Carpinus betulus, with exception of fructification years. The most severe damaged has been observed in Abies alba, Picea abies and Robinia pseudacacia. From the beginning of the forest condition monitoring in 1987 until 1996 results show a significant decrease in defoliation and visible forest damage. Since 1996, the share of damaged trees (25-32%) and average defoliation (22-25%) has been relatively stable. The recorded fluctuation of defoliation depends mostly on meteorological conditions. As a part of crown condition survey, damage types were assessed. 84.9% of all sampling trees (4822) had some kind of damage symptoms. The most frequent damage was caused by insects (46.1%) and fungi (32.9%). Additional damage causes were other factors (28.8% - mainly epiphytes and competition). Epiphytes had the most important influence on defoliation. 59% of trees damaged by epiphytes revealed defoliation above
Forest Condition in Europe 2013 89 6.12. Slovenia In 2012 the Slovenian national forest health inventory was carried out on 44 systematically arranged sample plots (grid 16 x 16 km). The assessment encompassed 1053 trees, 393 coniferous and 660 broadleaved trees. The sampling scheme and the assessment method was the same as in the previous years (at each location four M6 (six-tree) plots), with the exception on two sample plots, where after felling no appropriate new trees were present on the plot which could be included in the assessment. This is also the reason why only 1053 trees were assessed and not 1056. The mean defoliation of all tree species was estimated to 24.9 %. Compared to 2011 survey, the situation is better for 0.5 % (mean defoliation in 2011 was 25.4 %). In year 2012 mean defoliation for coniferous trees was 24.6 % (in year 2011 was 25.2 %) and for broadleaves 25.1 % (year before 25.5 %). One of the reasons for lower defoliation in year 2012 could be that year 2011 was the fructification year of beech. In 2012 the share of trees with more than 25 % of defoliation (damaged trees) reached 29.0 %. In comparison to the results of 2011, when the share of trees with more than 25 % of unexplained defoliation was 31.4%, the value decreased for 2.4 %. Especially significant is the change of damaged trees for coniferous where the share of damaged trees increased from 33.6 % in 2011 to 37.0 % in 2012, while the share of damage broadleaves decreased from 30.0 % in 2011 to 23.0 % in 2012. In the year 2011 broadleaves were more damaged than coniferous. But in year 2012 the proportion has changed and coniferous are more damaged then broadleaves. In general, the mean defoliation of all tree species has slightly increased since 1991. The situation improved in year 2010 and in 2011 the mean defoliation increased for 0.7 %, but decreased again in year 2012. The condition of Slovenian forests can be defined as relatively stable. 6.13. Spain Results obtained in the 2012 inventory show that the general health condition of trees present a clear worsening process. 82,5% of the surveyed trees were healthy, compared to 88.2% in the previous year, reaching similar levels as in 2007 (82.4%). 15.9% of the trees were included in defoliation classes 2 and 3, indicating defoliation levels higher than 25%, whereas in 2011 this percentage was 10.2% (15.8% in 2007). The number of damaged trees has clearly increased whereas the number of dead ones keeps the same as previous year, namely 1,6%, showing different trends between broadleaves (1,1%) and conifers (2,1%) . This overall worsening is much more relevant in broadleaves, with a percentage of 76.5% of healthy trees (86.8% previous year) than in conifers (88.5% this year and 89.6% in 2011). The mortality of trees was mainly due to sanitary cuts, forest management operations and to decline processes related to the strong hydric shortage which affected trees during previous years. Concerning other possible damaging agents, there is a clear increment in the amount of abiotic damages (mainly drought), whereas damages linked with biotic agents play a not so important role. According to the field records, there is a random behaviour in the insect populations, decreasing the importance of leaf feeders in broadleaves (but not the importance of insects who attack alder trees), a different trend in pine processionary moth (increments in east and south of Spain, decrease in the west and in the north plateau), a slow increasing trend in
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