Forest Condition in Europe - ICP Forests

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86 Forest Condition in Europe 2013 For birch, the observed trees in the most serious class ‘Severely discolouration’ were only 0.2 % in 2012 compared with 3.3 % in 2011! The mean mortali ty rate for all species was 0.2 % in 2012. The mortality rate was 0.2 %, 0 % and 0.3 % for spruce, pine and birch, respectively. The mortality rate of birch has been more normal the last four years and is heavily reduced from the high level of 1-2 % which occurred in the tree year period 2006-2008 probably due to serious attacks of insects and fungi. In general, the observed crown condition values result from interactions between climate, pests, pathogens and general stress. According to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute the summer (June, July and August) of 2012 was regarded as about normal. The temperature was 0.4 ºC less than normal, and the precipitation was 5 % more than normal as an average for the whole country. In south-east Norway, where summer drought is a frequent problem for trees, however the precipitation in 2012 was 40 % higher than normal. The highest precipitation in south-east Norway was in 2011 with 95 % higher than normal, and the second highest was in 1950 with 65 % higher than normal. There are of course large climatic variations between regions in Norway which range from 58 to 71 ºN. 6.7. Poland In 2012 the forest condition survey was carried out on 1965 plots. Forest condition (all species total) remained slight deterioration as compared to the previous year. 11.3% (14.0% in 2011) of all sample trees were without any symptoms of defoliation, indicating a decrease by 2.7 percent points compared to 2011. The proportion of defoliated trees (classes 2-4) decreased by 0.6 percent points to an actual level 23.4% of all trees. The share of trees defoliated more than 25% decreased by 2.0 percent points for conifers and increased by 2.0 percent points for broadleaves. 8.7% of conifers were not suffering from defoliation. For 22.2% of the conifers defoliation of more than 25% (classes 2-4) was observed. With regard to the three main coniferous species Abies alba remained the species with the lowest defoliation (18.92% in 2-4 classes), although indicated a worsening comparing to previous year. A share of 21.8% (17.3% in 2011) of fir trees up to 59 years old and 18.3% (16.1% in 2011) of fir trees 60 year old and older was in defoliation classes 2-4. The highest defoliation was observed in Picea abies (29.8% indicated a worsening comparing to previous year. A share of 24.8% (23.4% in 2011) of spruce trees up to 59 years old and 33.2% (28.1% in 2011) of spruce trees 60 year old and older was in defoliation classes 2-4. 16.1% of assessed broadleaved trees were not defoliated. The proportion of trees with more than 25% defoliation (classes 2-4) amounted to 25.5%. As in the previous survey the highest defoliation amongst broadleaved trees was observed in Quercus spp indicated deterioration in older stands. In 2012 a share of 28.2% (28.0% in 2011) of oak trees up to 59 years old and 42.9% (32.2% in 2011) of oak trees 60 years old and older was in defoliation classes 2-4. Fagus sylvatica remained the broadleaves species with the lowest defoliation, indicated slight improvement in older stands. A share of 10.2% (9.8% in 2011) of beech trees up to 59 years old and 9.22% (11.8% in 2011) of beech trees 60 year old and older was in defoliation classes 2-4. In 2012, discolouration (classes 1-4) was observed on 1.5 % of the conifers and 1.8 % of the broadleaves.
Forest Condition in Europe 2013 87 6.8. Romania In the year 2012, the assessment of crown condition on Level I plots in Romania was carried out on the 16 x 16 km transnational grid net, during 15 th of July and 15 th of September. The total number of sample trees was 5784, which were assessed on 241 permanent plots. From the total number of trees, 1100 were conifers and 4684 broadleaves. Trees on 21 plots were harvested during the last year and several other plots were not reachable due to natural hazards. For all species, 50.2% of the trees were rated as healthy, 35.9% as slightly defoliated, 13.0% as moderately defoliated, 0.7% as severely defoliated and 0.2% were dead. The percentage of damaged trees (defoliation classes 2-4) was 13.9%. For conifers 14.9% of the trees were classified as damaged (classes 2-4). Picea abies was the least affected coniferous species with a share of damaged trees of 11.9% (defoliation classes 2-4), whereas Abies alba had 25%. For broadleaves 13.7% of the trees were assessed as damaged or dead (classes 2-4). Among the main broad-leaved species, Fagus sylvatica had the lowest share of damaged trees (10.1%), followed by Carpinus sylvatica (15.0%). The most affected species was Quercus robur (74%) of the trees were rated as damaged or dead. Compared to 2011, the overall share of damaged trees (classes 2-4) remained rather unchanged. Forest health status was slightly influenced, mainly for conifers, by the relatively unfavourable weather conditions during the draughty summer season. Concerning the assessment of biotic and abiotic damage factors, most of the observed symptoms were attributed to defoliator insects (46.9%), fungi (7%), abiotic factors (18%) and forest fires (2.9%). 6.9. Russian Federation Not submitted. 6.10. Serbia In the region of the Republic of Serbia, ICP Plots was formed 16 x 16 km grid consists of 103 sampling plots and added 4 x 4 grid, new 27 plots, all together number of plots is 130 (not including in assessment AP Kosovo and Metohija). Observation at Level I preformed according to the ICP Forests Manual of Methods. Actual monitoring have been performed in 2012 year is 118 due to clear cutting few spots. During 2012, the researchers of the NFC Serbia - Institute of Forestry with collaborators from other institution in Serbia, have worked all sampling points and made visual assessment of the crown condition and collected the other necessary field data. The total number of trees assessed on all sampling points was 2786 trees, of which 337 conifer trees and a considerably higher number i.e. 2449 of broadleaf trees. The conifer tree species are: Abies alba, number of trees and percentage of individual tree species 69 (20,5%), Picea abies 145 (43,0%), Pinus nigra 67 (19,9%), Pinus silvestris 56 (16,6%) and the most represented broadleaf tree species are: Carpinus betulus, number of trees and percentage of individual tree species 117 (4,8%) , Fagus moesiaca 830 (33,9%), Quercus cerris 510 (20,8%), Quercus frainetto 371 (15,2%), Quercus petraea 160 (6,5 %) and other species 461 (18,8%).
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