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Comments on a Design Procedure 321 8.5. Comments on a Design Procedure A complete design procedure will be described with the aid of a flowchart. The 13 major steps will be described, especially several topics that have not been discussed so far. These are design limitations, optimization of shunt inductance values, sensitivities, and filter tuning. 8.5.1. Design Flowchart. A step-by-step design procedure suitable for manual computation or computer programming is shown in Figure 8.28. The design step numbers correspond to the numbers of the main section headings in Appendix G and to the last number of the subsection headings in Section 8.6. The following discussion emphasizes each step as previously described or currently introduced. The choice of a passband shape in step 1 is really a choice of loaded-Q distribution. Element constraints are sometimes sufficiently severe to dictate the use of an arbitrary set of loaded-Q values; the passband shape then is nameless and can be determined only by analysis. The stopband estimates are still viable, but step 3 has been preempted. Otherwise, one of the four shapes discussed in Section 8.4 is selected, or a new prototype shape is developed to provide a (normalized) loaded-Q distribution. Conventional shape specifications are: (I) the number of resonators (poles); (2) the passband parameter (such as decibel ripple, droop, or QdQu); (3) the fractional passband width (Fp) and loss (L p )' Step 2 in Figure 8.28 is to choose the configuration (e.g., Figure 8.2), the midband frequency (e.g., Figure 8.3), and the allowable ranges of component values (i.e., 1,,, L" [ and ~"C" C, where the underlines and overlines indicate lower and upper bounds, respectively). Generally, the shunt inductor Qu values are the resonator Qu values, because resonator capacitors usually have relatively little loss and inverter dissipation has little effect. A specific passband shape is obtained by a unique loaded-Q distribution among the resonators in the absence of inverter frequency effects. The actual level to which this distribution is scaled can be determined by knowledge of the "QLNFp" product for the shape. These values are easily calcu!!lted and tabulated, so that specification of Fp determines QLN' Thus, the N QL values normalized to QLN (also tabulated versus shape) can be unnormalized. Step 3 in Figure 8.28 concerns this calcUlation. The stopband specifications may result in greater QLN values than those resulting from the passband specification. Step 3 records the decision that the pass band may be more important, because selectivity increases and passband width decreases with increasing loaded Q (increased stored energy). Loss effects in the passband must also be considered in step 3. Dissipation tends to mask ripples, especially at the passband edges. However, the minimum-loss shape is known in the presence of uniform resonator dissipation. Step 4 is based on the fact that stopband selectivity is completely specified
I ( START {- I 1. Choose passband response shape. Specify configuration, midband frequency f o , component value ranges, and Q u factors. I I Specify passband width Fp and L p .• State if more important than stopband, Specify at least as many stopband attenuations I (L,l at related t, as there are traps. I 5. Choose Q L 's and estimate midband loss L e· I ~.:id ').-"N.:...o_.., design "" I ¢ , V" I 6b. Limitations. \ I I 7. Set shunr·L values to Jower limits. I Compute node resistances, internode reactances, and related components. 19a. Measure component acceptability. I I r----"'-< NoAv" Parts >--"---, t OK' J, 111. Adjust for losses; final calculations. I Compute exact response I and sensitivities. I Adjust in lab or with an optimizer. I • Fp " 0.20; may be omitted if stopband dB is given. ( STOP Figure 8.28. Design flowchart for direct-coupled filters. 322
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Wile,.· Interactenee ..A. .. 1 18
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Circuit Design U sing Personal Comp
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To my late parents, Tommy and Brown
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viii Preface computer. Excessive th
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Contents l. Introduction 1 2. Some
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Contetlts xiii 4.3.4. Transmission
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~----- ---- Contents xv 6.6. Pseudo
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-------------------------- Contents
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-- ------- 2 Introduction viewpoint
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4 Introduction Chapters Four and Fi
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6 Introduction the selectivity effe
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8 Some Fundamenurl Numerical Method
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10 Some Fundamental Numerical Metho
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--------------------- Romberg Integ
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and it is convenient to rearrange (
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Romberg Integranon 17 Truncation Er
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---~-- - - -- ----- - -------------
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Polynomial Minimox Approximation of
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Polynomial Minimax Approximation of
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Rational Polynomial LSE Approximati
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---~~--_._--- ------ ID(w)£(w)1 2
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Rational Polynomial LSE Approximati
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Problems 31 2.6. If a,Z+a2 w = -a'-
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sense by the sum of first-kind Cheb
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Complex Zeros of Complex Polynomial
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Complex Zeros ofComplex Polynomials
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which are equal to the polynomial C
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Complex Zeros of Complex Polynomial
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Table 3.3. Complex Zeros of Complex
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Polynomials From Complex Zeros and
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Polynomials From Complex Zeros and
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Polynomial Addition and Subtraction
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Continued Fraction Expansion 51 Not
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Case 1 (row ~t (al N" 3 -1 '" 25 +
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---- ------------------------- Cont
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----~------- Input ImpedafJce $ytrt
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Input Impedance Synthesis From Its
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------- - ------------- ---- Input
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Long Division and Partial Fraction
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Problems 6S magnitude. The program
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- Problems 67 3.12. Given the resis
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.Chapter Four Ladder Network Analys
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- -- - -------- Recun;"" ludder Met
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Recursive Ladder Method 73 This alw
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--------------- Example a: 3,325,20
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Recursive Ladder Method 77 This las
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- - - -------------- Embedded T>vo-
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- - - - - --- - - - ---- Unifonn Tr
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--- - .._----- Unifonn T/'Qnsmissio
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--------------- Uniform Transmissio
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------- --- -----------_. - ------
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Table 4.4. 6.d L1 6.dc, 6.d L2 6.d
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------- - _. - - Input and Transfer
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Input and Transfer Network Response
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Input and Transfer Network Response
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----------------------------- Time
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----- - - h(-rJ h(2.6.Tl o I II ---
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-------- Sensitivities 101 the corr
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formula: Sensitivities 103 dZ""A,Z
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Sensitivities 105 obeying at least
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and its derivative with respect to
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Problems 109 branch immittance; the
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Problems 111 Solve by using (4.40)
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Chapter Five Gradient Optimization
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Gradient Optimization 115 Figure 5.
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-- ------------------ Quadratic Fon
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Quadratic Fonns and Ellipsoids 119
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Quadratic Forms and EUipsoids 121 F
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Quadratic Fonm and Ellipsoids 123 x
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Quadratic Forms and Ellipsoids 115
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Conjugate Gradient Search 127 choic
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-_.. ---------- Conjugate Gradient
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Conjugate Gradient Search 131 x, Fi
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-- -~--- Conjugate Gradient Search
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Conjugate Gradient Search 135 Hxl =
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Linear Search 137 the variable metr
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Then, the minimum function value in
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- ------- Linear Search 141 subtrac
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The F/etcher- Reeves Optimizer 143
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The netcher- Reeves Optimizer 145 c
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Table 5.4. Typical Output for the R
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The Fletcher- Reeves Optimizer 149
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Network Objective Functions 151 and
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-------- - - Network Objecti"" Func
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Network Objective Functions 155 Tab
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-- ------------ Constraints 157 tra
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- - - - - -------------- Constraint
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Table 5.7. Objective Subroutine lor
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-70. Constrainis 163 315-325). For
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Constraints 165 In fact, one applic
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--------~ - - ---------------------
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(b) Problems 169 Find the diagonal
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Impedance Matching 171 I, z, ---+__
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Narrow·Band L, T, and Pi Networks
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- - - --------------- + '" R, . " N
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NalTO...Band L, T, and Pi Networks
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Narrow-Bond L, T, and Pi Networks ]
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Narrow-BaruJ L, T, aruJ Pi Networks
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Loss/ess Unifonn Transmission Lines
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------- - -------------------------
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----------- and (6.34) can be writt
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Fano's Broodband-Matching Limitatio
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Fano's Broadband-Matching Limitatio
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----------------- Fano's Broadband-
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Fono's Broadband·Matching Limitati
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Green's recursive element formula i
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f 9, Figure 6.24. 92
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Bandpass Network Transformations 20
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Bandpass Network Trans/onnotions 20
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50 II 2.6548 16.594 Bandpass Networ
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BaruJpass Network TransJof1lUltions
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Pseudobandpass Matching Networks 21
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I InlPJ =In Pseudobandpass Matching
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Pseudobandpass Matching Networks 21
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----- -- Carlin's Broodband-Matchin
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---- -------------------- expressio
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Car/in's Broadband.Matching Method
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Carlin's Broadband-Matching Methad
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Prohle"" 227 Third, an objective fu
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Problems 229 6.16. Program Equation
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Bilinear Tronsfonnatl'ons 231 I, ~-
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Bi/inear Transjormations 233 (w" w"
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Bilinear Transfonnations 235 accomp
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Bilinear Transfonnations 237 circle
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Impedance Mapping 239 1 3 al~ ~a3 [
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Impedance Mapping 241 r-- Z, s" I,
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---------- Impedan£e Mapping 243 T
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Impedance Mapping 245 in Figure 7.7
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Two-Port Impedance and Power Models
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---------------- This may be put in
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----~-------~--- - - --------------
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-------- -- - -------------- and th
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Two-Port Impedance and Power Models
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Billlteral Scattering Stability and
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Bilateral Scattering Stability and
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--- -------- Bilateral Scattering S
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Unilateral Scattering Gain 267 the
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Unilateral Scattering Gain 269 The
Page 286 and 287: Prohle"" 271 _merit is u=0.08; by (
Page 288 and 289: Chapter Eight Direct-Coupled Filter
Page 290 and 291: - -- ~-------~- -------------- Dire
Page 292 and 293: Prototype Network 277 and Wo is the
Page 294 and 295: Prototype Network 279 element value
Page 296 and 297: Prototype Network 281 8./.4. Protot
Page 298 and 299: Designing with Lande Inverters 283
Page 300 and 301: Designing with L and C Inverters 28
Page 302 and 303: Designilrg with Lande Inverters Sup
Page 304 and 305: Designing with L and C Inverters 28
Page 306 and 307: General Inverters, Resonators, and
Page 310 and 311: Genera/Inverters, Resonators, and E
Page 312 and 313: conductance of the Kth resonator is
Page 316 and 317: Table 8.2. General Inverters, Reson
Page 318 and 319: General Inveners, Resonators, and E
Page 320 and 321: Four Importunt Pussband Shapes 305
Page 322 and 323: Four Important Passband Shapes 307
Page 324 and 325: FOIl' Important Possband Shopes 309
Page 332 and 333: Fou, Important Passband Shapes 317
Page 334 and 335: Four lmporlunt Pussband Shupes 319
Page 338 and 339: Comments on a Design Procedure 323
Page 340 and 341: Comments on a Design Procedure 325
Page 342 and 343: -----~------------ A Complete Desig
Page 344 and 345: A Complete Design Example 329 DB3 =
Page 346 and 347: A Complete Design Example 331 R,,(l
Page 348 and 349: ------- Problems 333 For Z=O+jX, fi
Page 350 and 351: ------------- Chapter Nine Other Di
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Page 354 and 355: • e/2 e/2 Figure 9.3. A typical e
Page 356 and 357: Another trigonometric identity can
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Page 360 and 361: Introduction to Cauer Elliptic Filt
Page 362 and 363: Introduction to Cauer Elliptic Filt
Page 364 and 365: 40 20 140 12 11 130 10 120 110 9 10
Page 366 and 367: 00 Introduction to Cauer Elliptic F
Page 368 and 369: Doubly Termi/lllted Elliptic Filter
Page 370 and 371: Doubly TermillQted Elliptic Filters
Page 372 and 373: Doubly Terminated Elliptic Filters
Page 374 and 375: Doubly Terminated Elliptic FilteN 3
Page 376 and 377: Doubly TerrnilUlted Elliptic Filten
Page 378 and 379: Some Lumped.Element Transformations
Page 380 and 381: -lin '" 1 +jOn : c, 3L, L, I ) r So
Page 382 and 383: 1 1CT (T Some Lumped.Element Tronsj
Page 384 and 385: Load Effects on Passive Networks 36
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Load Effects on Passive Networks 37
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Invulnerable Filters 377 9.6. Invul
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Invulnerable Filters 379 20 t lmin
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Invulnerable Filters 381 40 t L mil
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Problems. 383' corresponding number
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Problems 385 9.11. A passive networ
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Program AS-I. Swain's Snrface See E
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------- -------- - _. _. - Program
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----- _. - ------------- - Program
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- - - _._------------------ &61 TAN
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Program A6-4. Norton Transformation
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861 862 863 86' 865 866 B6? 868 869
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Program A7·2. Three-Port to Two·P
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15B .LBU Cue & 5to 3x3 Elements J5J
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e61 STOB 32 degrees 115 RCL9 a3 deg
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Program A7-4. Maximally Efficient G
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169 CHS Register Assignments: 17e e
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84e 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848
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Program A8-2. Doubly Termiuated Min
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----- - - - _. - _.--------- - -- _
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-------_._--- ------- Program A9-1.
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Appendix B PET BASIC Programs Progr
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Program B2-2A. Gauss-Jordan Solutio
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- - -------------------------------
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Program B2-4B. Polynomial Minimax A
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Program B2-5. Levy's Matrix Coeffic
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----------- _. - - - Flowchart for
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Program B3-2. Polynomials From Comp
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--------- - - Program 83-4. Polynom
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Program 83-7. Partial Fraction Expa
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Flowchart for Ladder Analysis Progr
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Program B5-1. The Fletcher-Reeves O
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Program B5-2. L-Seetion Optimizatio
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Flowchart for Matching Program B6-1
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Program B6-3. Levy Matching to Resi
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---------- -- Program 86-5. Hilbert
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--~-- - ---------- Program B9-1. El
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---------- - -_.-------------------
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3260 TO~(TO+W)/(l-TO'N) 3270 B(l,=B
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Appendix D Linear Search Flowchart*
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Appendix E Defined Complex Constan
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Appendix F _ Doubly Terminated Mini
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Appendix G _ Direct-Coupled Filter
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461 (G.22) (G.23) (G.24) A,= (G.25)
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G.4.2. Resonator Asymptote Slopes D
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Appendix G 465 except for overcoupl
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----------_._-_.- ---- - - -_.. - A
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Appendix H _ Zverev's Tables ofEqui
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------ 6(0) 6(b) L _ (L,C,- L,C,)'
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L, L, c. " 12(a) C\=W C 2 =X L\=Y L
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Appendix H 475 Simplified Notations
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References 477 Box, M. J., D. Davie
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--------- Johnson, L. W" References
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References 481 Van Valkenburg, M. E
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_ 484 Author Index Noble, B.. 120.
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486 Subject Index second kind, 32.
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488 Subject Index proper, 62 quadra
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490 Subject Index equivalent: bandp
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1 1 _ 492 Subject Index I I Reflect
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494 Subject Index length. electrica
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