Hawai'i Fisheries Initiative - The Hawaii Institute for Public Affairs

155 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
Management Reauthorization Act, Pub. L. No.
104-297(34). (The terms “overfishing” and
“overfished” mean a rate or level of fishing
mortality that jeopardizes the capacity of a fishery
to produce the maximum sustainable yield on a
continuing basis.)
156 William Robinson, Regional Administrator, NMFS
Pacific Islands Regional Office, Honolulu, and
Samuel G. Pooley, Director, Pacific Islands
Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Fourth-Quarter
2006 Status of Stocks Update. (Stocks for which
there are Wespac FMPs, but are not listed on
the federal FSSI: black marlin, pomfrets, sailfish,
longfin mako shark, silky shark, oceanic
whitetip shark, salmon shark, other tuna relatives,
oilfish, lobster, Kona crab, and black and other
precious corals.)
157 William Robinson, Regional Administrator, NMFS
Pacific Islands Regional Office, Honolulu, and
Samuel G. Pooley, Director, Pacific Islands
Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Fourth-Quarter,
2006 Status of Stocks Update. (The Coral Reef
Ecosystems of the Western Pacific Region complex
contains up to 146 “currently harvested coral reef
taxa” and innumerable “potentially harvested coral
reef taxa.”)
158 NOAA/NMFS Fish Stock Sustainability Index, at
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/domes_fish/Status
oFisheries/2006/3rdQuarter/Q3-2006-FSSIDescription.pdf.
(The federal Fish Stock Sustainability
Index (FSSI) includes 230 fish stocks selected
for their importance to commercial and
recreational fisheries.)
159 DAR commercial marine landings summary
(2004), at http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/pubs/
cmlstr2004.pdf.
160 Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel, Ecosystem-
Based Fishery Management, Report to Congress
(Nov. 15, 1998) at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/
EPAPrpt.pdf, p. 7.
161 Richard Hildreth, University of Hawai‘i/William S.
Richardson School of Law, Domestic Ocean and
Coastal Law, 2007, notes on file with author.
162 NMFS, Western Pacific essential fish habitat
information, at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/
habitatprotection/profile/westernpacificcouncil.htm.
163 Joseph Kalo, Richard Hildreth, Alison Rieser,
Donna Christie, Coastal and Ocean Law, p. 535
(Thomson/West 2007), p. 535. Also see, Ecosystem
Principles Advisory Panel, Ecosystem-Based
Fishery Management, A Report to Congress, Nov.
15, 1998; M. Macpherson, Integrating Ecosystem
Management Approaches into Federal Fishery
Management through the Magnuson-Stevens
Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 6
Ocean & Coastal L.J. 1 (2001).
164 Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel, Ecosystem-
Based Fishery Management, A Report to Congress,
p. 9Nov. 15, 1998.
165 Id.
166 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
Management Reauthorization Act, Pub. L. No.
109-479 § 406(f).
167 Id.
168 Executive Order 13178, December 2000.
169 NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office, Status of
Regulatory Actions, as of February 27, 2007.
170 Wespac, “Hawai‘i Archipelago Fishery Ecosystem
Plan,” December 1, 2005, at http://wpcouncil.org/
documents/FEPs/HawaiiFEP/December12005HawaiiFEP.pdf.
See also Pacific Islands Regional
Office, Status of Regulatory Actions, as of February
27, 2007.
171 NOAA Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries
Science Center, Report to Wespac, February 2007;
www.pifsc.noaa.gov; (808) 983-5303.
172 Id.
173 Id.
174 Id.
175 Presidential Proclamation No 8031; see http://
sanctuaries.noaa.gov/sos2006/nwhi.html.
176 Wespac, “Options to Revise the Permit Applicability
and Geographic Boundary of the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands Bottomfish Limited Access
Program,” February 14, 2007, citing Pan and
Griesemer, 2006.
177 Tara Godvin, “Fishers to lose ‘exciting’ livelihood,”
Honolulu Advertiser, March 6, 2007.
178 Wespac, “Options to End Overfishing in the Hawai‘i
Bottomfish Fishery,” (Draft), February 19, 2007.
179 Wespac, “Options to Revise the Permit Applicability
and Geographic Boundary of the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands Bottomfish Limited Access
Program,” February 14, 2007, citing Pan and
Griesemer, 2006.
180 Division of Aquatic Resources, Report to the
24th Legislature, State of Hawai‘i, 2007 Regular
Session, at http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/pubs/
ar_act160_2006.pdf.
181 H.R.S. § 190D.
182 Marine Life Conservation Districts, at /www.hawaii.
gov/dlnr/dar/mlcd/index.htm.
183 Fish Habitat Utilization Patterns and Evaluation of
the Efficacy of Marine Protected Areas in Hawai‘i:
Integration of NOAA Digital Benthic Habitat
Mapping and Coral Reef Ecological Studies, at
http://www.ccma.nos.noaa.gov/publications/
NCCOSTm23.pdf; see also Press Release, Bob
Sherman, NOAA, “NOAA study finds Hawaiian
Marine Life Conservation Districts provide
protection for fish populations,” March 14, 2007.
184 State of Hawai‘i Fish Aggregation Device Program,
at www.hawaii.edu/HIMB/FADS.
185 Id.
186 Id.
187 Hawai‘i Stock Management Program,
at http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/nav
php?loc=Research&page=Hawaii_Stock.
188 Id.
189 Id.
190 DAR report to Wespac March 2007 meeting;
agenda item No. 4C.
191 Id.
192 Anuenue Fisheries Research Center, at http://www.
hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/library/afrc.htm.
193 Id.
194 Alan Friedlander, Bob Endreson, William Aila,
Linda Paul, Pacific Fisheries Coalition whitepaper,
The Status of Hawai‘i’s Living Marine Resources
at the Millennium, at http://www.pacfish.org/
wpapers/fishstatus.html.
195 DAR report to Wespac March 2007 meeting;
agenda item No. 4C.
196 Edwin Ebisui Jr., phone interview, April 20, 2007.
197 Alan Friedlander, Bob Endreson, William Aila,
Linda Paul, with the assistance of DAR, Pacific
Fisheries Coalition whitepaper, The Status
of Hawai‘i’s Living Marine Resources at the
Millennium (2002), at http://www.pacfish.org/
wpapers/fishstatus.html.
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