Hawai'i Fisheries Initiative - The Hawaii Institute for Public Affairs

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egulations and their interpretations in the court system have honed in on four key issues with respect to achieving sustainability in the nation’s fisheries: overfishing, incidental bycatch, altered predator-prey relationships due to fishing and bycatch of target and non-target species, and habitat changes due to fishing and other pressures. 396 The Secretary of Commerce is charged with implementing the MSA. Under the umbrella of the Department of Commerce, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the eight regional fisheries councils 394 were given authority under the act to oversee fisheries management. The Western Pacific Fisheries Management Council (Wespac) oversees fisheries in the EEZ surrounding Hawai‘i, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act, which amended the 1976 version, has been called the “most significant federal environmental legislation enacted in the last two decades.” 395 The act advanced U.S. efforts toward sustainability in fisheries management and ecosystem protection. Fishery Management Plans, marine protected area designations, and federal The 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson- Stevens Act, which was signed into law in January 2007, sets a firm deadline to end overfishing 397 by 2011. 398 “The causes of overfishing include illegal fishing, management decisions not in line with scientific evidence, scientific standards that are beyond the management system’s capacity to administer, poorly designed regulatory frameworks that promote overfishing, failure to account for bycatch as fish landings, and poor enforcement.” 399 Federal Statutes Affecting Fisheries Management In addition to Magnuson-Stevens, a host of federal statutes – as well as presidential proclamations and executive orders – affect the nation’s fisheries. 400 Fundamental to an understanding of federal oversight of the ocean’s living natural resources are the following: u Marine Protected Areas – A 2000 executive order required federal agencies to establish a comprehensive national network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to include all types of marine ecosystems to ensure lasting protection for the natural and cultural resources they contain. 401 83
u Sport Fish Restoration and Management Projects Act of 1950 402 – A ten percent federal excise tax on certain fishing gear is directed to state fisheries agencies, tied to participation in licensing efforts. Amendments in 1984 tripled the availability of federal funds by expanding the revenue base to include portions of fuel tax, import duties, and taxes on some electronic gear. States must maintain a 25 percent matching fund. The Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund (formerly the Aquatic Resources Trust Fund) monies are distributed partially via the competitive Boating Infrastructure Grants (BIG) program. In 2007, $9.5 million was awarded to nine states (Hawai‘i was not a recipient). The grants are made available to state agencies and partners to build and maintain facilities for recreational boaters. BIG proposals are reviewed by a panel of representatives from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, as well as a committee from the Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council, a federally-chartered body which advises the Secretary of the Interior and USFWS on recreational fishing and boating issues. The BIG program also funds state efforts for constructing or improving docking facilities without going through a competitive proposal process. In 2007, grants totaling $3.7 million were allocated to 38 states. 403 u Saltonstall-Kennedy (National Industrial Recovery) Act of 1933 – As amended 404 provides financial assistance (grants or cooperative agreements) for research and development projects to benefit the U.S. fishing industry. u Commercial Fisheries Research and Development Act 405 – Administered by NMFS, funding provided by this act is apportioned to government fisheries agencies based on the amount harvested and landed by domestic fishers. Funds are matched by the state. u Marine Mammal Protection Act 406 – Many species and population stocks of marine mammals were found to be in danger of extinction, and the 1972 MMPA was enacted to protect and conserve marine mammals and their habitats. Later amendments improved the program to reduce the incidental taking of marine mammals in commercial fishing activities. 407 u High Seas Fishing Compliance Act – Requires U.S.-registered commercial fishing vessels to have a permit to fish on the high seas, or seaward of the 200 nm EEZ. Permit holders must comply with international marine life agreements. 408 84
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Hawai‘i Fisheries Initiative A Co
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Examples of Hawai‘i Fish Aku Bige
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fishers, who defray costs by sellin
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A Snapshot of Hawai‘i’s Seafood
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Western Pacific Fisheries Managemen
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National and Statewide Economic Imp
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Economics of Hawai‘i’s Commerci
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Imports and Value Added NWHI Bottom
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Seafood Exports NOAA Fisheries repo
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Regional Trends, Wholesale Markets,
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due to the freshness of the fish wh
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Consumers of recreational and subsi
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One of the program’s goals is to
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With expected increases in populati
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Hawai‘i’s Aquaculture Potential
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The flat growth of the information
Page 33 and 34: Leasing Hawai‘i’s Waters: Legal
Page 35 and 36: Christopher Mann, a senior officer
Page 37 and 38: Recreational Fishing in Hawai‘i R
Page 39 and 40: Hawai‘i Marine Recreational Fishi
Page 41 and 42: Fishing Tournaments and Clubs Appro
Page 43 and 44: Fisheries Management and Enforcemen
Page 45 and 46: A comprehensive ecosystem-based fis
Page 47 and 48: State of Hawai‘i Fisheries Progra
Page 49 and 50: In its eighth year, 2,164 volunteer
Page 51 and 52: Stock Assessment and Catch Data Und
Page 53 and 54: 2006 State Fishing Licenses and Per
Page 55 and 56: Violations of marine-related laws c
Page 57 and 58: or Olive Ridley sea turtles have be
Page 59 and 60: History and Status of Hawai‘i’s
Page 61 and 62: 2006 Commercial Landings by Species
Page 63 and 64: wholesalers began offering Hawaiian
Page 65 and 66: that mortality levels will be susta
Page 67 and 68: Troll and Handline Pelagic Fisherie
Page 69 and 70: (a baited bottom camera) and Electr
Page 71 and 72: History and Status of Lobster and S
Page 73 and 74: Governing the Oceans In general, st
Page 75 and 76: In 1958, the Geneva Conventions on
Page 77 and 78: Authority within a Nation’s Exclu
Page 79 and 80: U.S. Ocean Policy, Regulatory Frame
Page 81 and 82: u The Oceans Act of 2000 382 establ
Page 83: development, analyzing climate chan
Page 87 and 88: u Marine Debris Research, Preventio
Page 89 and 90: Governance refers to the entire pro
Page 91 and 92: Hawaiian Ocean Policy and Regulator
Page 93 and 94: DLNR/State Historic Preservation Di
Page 95 and 96: nongovernmental organizations, and
Page 97 and 98: can give formal testimony. If neces
Page 99 and 100: Native Hawaiian Fisheries Managemen
Page 101 and 102: And, adjacent to the Hualalai Resor
Page 103 and 104: Native Hawaiian Rights Asserted via
Page 105 and 106: Traditional and Customary Rights wi
Page 107 and 108: Wespac reports increased community
Page 109 and 110: About the Hawaii Institute for Publ
Page 111 and 112: 21 U.S. Department of the Interior,
Page 113 and 114: 79 Hawai‘i International Seafood,
Page 115 and 116: 155 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conser
Page 117 and 118: 235 Id. 236 d. 237 Id. 238 Id. 239
Page 119 and 120: 318 Councilmember comments at the M
Page 121 and 122: 394 16 U.S.C. 1852 § 302, at http:
Page 123 and 124: 479 http://www.Hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/
Page 125 and 126: Waters: Native Hawaiians have an in
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