Hawai'i Fisheries Initiative - The Hawaii Institute for Public Affairs

278 Consolidated Appropriations Act, Publ L. No.
106-554, App. D, § 208, 114 Stat. 2763A-176 (2000).
279 Cai, PingSun Leung, Minling Pan, Sam Pooley,
“Economic Linkage Impacts of Hawai‘i’s Longline
Fishing Regulations,” (2004).
280 50 CFR 665.33; there is an annual limit of
interactions with leatherback turtles (16) and
loggerhead turtles (17) for the Hawai‘i shallow-set
longline fleet. Once the limit has been reached, the
shallow-set longliners are prohibited from fishing
north of the equator for the remainder of the year.
See http://www.fpir.noaa.gov/SFD/SFD_turtleint.html.
281 Minling Pan and Timothy Ming, NMFS/PIRO,
economic study on the 2006 closure of the longline
fishery is ongoing; Feb. 21, 2007, email communication
between M. Pan and author.
282 Junning Cai, PingSun Leung, Minling Pan, Sam
Pooley, “Economic Linkage Impacts of Hawai‘i’s
Longline Fishing Regulations,” Fisheries Research
74 (2005) 232-242.
283 John Kaneko, Paul Bartram, “Evaluating Environmental
Baggage: Market-Transferred Effects
When Fresh Pelagic Fish Imports Replace Hawai‘i
Longline Production,” at http://www.soest.hawaii.
edu/PFRP/dec02mtg/kaneko_bartram.pdf.
284 Eric Gilman, et al. “Shark Depredation and
Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries:
Industry Practices and Attitudes, and Shark
Avoidance Strategies,” (2007).
285 Kitty Simonds, Wespac executive director,
“Managing Marine Fisheries of Hawai‘i and the U.S.
Pacific Islands –
Past, Present, and Future,” p. 8; see U.S. Shark
Finning Prohibition Act, §§ 7(3) and 7(8) for fishing
gear and practices that reduce incidental catch and
bycatch mortality of sharks.
286 Eric Gilman, et al. “Shark Depredation and
Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries:
Industry Practices and Attitudes, and Shark
Avoidance Strategies,” (2007).
287 P. Bartram, J. Kaneko, G. Krasnick, PacMar, Inc.,
“Responsible Fisheries Assessment of Hawai‘i’s
Pelagic Longline Fisheries,” Hawai‘i Seafood
Project, NOAA Award No. NA05NMF451112 (2006).
288 NOAA, Large Marine Ecosystems, at http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/ecosystems/
sup_lmes_map.html#.
289 Fen Montaigne, “Still Waters: The Global Fish
Crisis,” National Geographic, April 2007, p. 48.
290 PIFSC, The Hawai‘i-based longline logbook
summary report, October-December 2006, also
available at ww.pifsc.noaa.gov/fmsd/reports.php.
291 NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office, Pacific
Islands Region Bycatch Reduction Implementation
Plan FY04-FY05, p. 8.
292 Richard G. Hildreth, M. Casey Jarman, Maggie
Langlas, Roles for a Precautionary Approach in U.S.
Marine Resources Management, Nat. Res. & Env.,
Summer 2004.
293 Id., citing Greenpeace Foundation v. Mineta, 122
F. Supp. 2d 1123 (D.Haw. 2000), Leatherback Sea
Turtle v. NMFS, No. 99-00152 DAE (D. Haw. Oct.
18, 1999), and Palila v. Hawai‘i DLNR, 73 F. Supp.
2d 1181 (D. Haw. 1999).
294 Wespac “The Value of the Fisheries in the Western
Pacific Fisheries Management Council’s Area”
(1999), at www.wpcouncil.org, citing Lawson, T.
[ed.] 1995. SPC Tuna Fishery Yearbook, 1994. South
Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia, p. 77.
295 Wespac, “133rd Council Recommends Reduction of
Tuna Harvests,” Pacific Island Fishery News, Fall 2006.
296 Wespac, “Pacific Scientist Review Pelagic Stock Assessments,”
Pacific Island Fishery News, Fall 2006, p. 9.
297 Wespac Science and Statistical Committee, “International
and Pelagic Fisheries Standing Committee
Report,” SSC recommendations, March 2007.
298 William Hogarth, “Bill’s Corner,” December 2006, at
http://www.fishpolitics.com/forum/archive/index.
php/t-1380.html.
299 Wespac, “Hawai‘i Pelagic Seafood Market,” at
http://www.wpcouncil.org/documents/pel_mrkt.
pdf. See also Wespac “The Value of the Fisheries in
the Western Pacific Fisheries Management Council’s
Area” (1999), at www.wpcouncil.org.
300 NOAA/NMFS, 2005 Status of Fisheries. For
Hawaiian fish names, see http://www.st.nmfs.gov/
st1/recreational/documents/local%20fish%20names/
local%20names%20hawaii.txt.
301 Wespac “Bottomfish Profile,” at www.wpcouncil.
org/bottomfish.
302 Wespac, “Bottomfish Profile,” (2003), www.
wpcouncil.org/bottomfish.
303 Hawai‘i DAR, “Bottomfish Management Measures,”
citing Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management
Council. “Bottomfish and Seamount Groundfish
Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region: 2000
Annual Report and 2001 draft annual report (R.
Moffitt and S. Pooley, NMFS, pers. comm. 2002).
304 Letter from Wespac Chair Sean Martin to Dr. Bill
Hogarth, Assistant Administrator of Fisheries,
NOAA/NMFS. February 28, 2007.
305 Hawai‘i/DAR Bottomfish Management Measures.
http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/bottomfish/index.htm.
306 Wespac, “Options to End Overfishing in the
Hawai‘i Bottomfish Fishery,” p.3, (draft), February
19, 2007.
307 Letter from Wespac Chair Sean Martin to Dr. Bill
Hogarth, Assistant Administrator of Fisheries,
NOAA/NMFS. February 28, 2007. Wespac’s
contingency plan was to prohibit bottomfishing at
Penguin and Middle banks.
308 See DLNR, “Overview of bottomfish regulatory
requirements,” at www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/
bottomfish/index.htm.
309 Currently, 3,600 Hawai‘i vessels are registered for
bottomfishing, according to a letter from Wespac
Chair Sean Martin to Dr. Bill Hogarth, Assistant
Administrator of Fisheries, NOAA/NMFS. February
28, 2007.
310 H.A.R. 13-94-1 to 13-94-10.
311 Letter from Wespac Chair Sean Martin to Dr. Bill
Hogarth, Assistant Administrator of Fisheries,
NOAA/NMFS. February 28, 2007.
312 Hawai‘i/DAR Bottomfish Management Measures,
at http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/bottomfish/
index.htm.
313 NOAA/NMFS Pacific Islands Division letter to
Eric Kingma, Wespac, March 1, 2007, regarding
enforcement issues with the various options to end
overfishing in the MHI.
314 Letter from M.S. Young, Acting Chief, U.S. Coast
Guard Enforcement Branch, Honolulu, to Sean
Martin, chair Wespac, March 5, 2007, regarding
options for ending bottomfish overfishing in the MHI.
315 Letter from Wespac Chair Sean Martin to Dr. Bill
Hogarth, Assistant Administrator of Fisheries,
NOAA/NMFS. February 28, 2007.
316 Letter from Wespac Chair Sean Martin to Dr. Bill
Hogarth, Assistant Administrator of Fisheries,
NOAA/NMFS. February 28, 2007, citing 70 FR
34452 (June 14, 2005).
317 DAR report to Wespac March 2007 meeting;
agenda item No. 4C.
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