Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

Endnotes
1. The Internet isaglobal network of computersthatjoinsmorethan30million people by computer, allows
communication in "cyberspace," and provides access to the world wide web. ECPAT, Child Pornography: An
International Perspective, World Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children,
Stockholm, Sweden at 9 (August 27-31, 1996).
2. Child pornography is also commonly referred to as "kiddie porn" or"chicken porn." R.BARRI FLOWERS, THE
VICTIMIZATION AND EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN: A STUDY OF PHYSICAL, MENTALAND SEXUAL MALTREATMENT IN
THE UNITED STATES 90 (McFarland & Company, Inc. 1994).
3. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution
and Child Pornography, E/CN.4/2000/75 [hereinafter Optional Protocol].
4. 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8) (1999). See the legal analysis section for more detailed information on current case
law addressing the federal definition of child pornography.
5. Daniel S.Armagh, Nick L. Battaglia & Kenneth V.Lanning, Use of Computers in the Sexual Exploitation
of Children, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Portable Guides to Investigating Child
Abuse at 6 (US Department of Justice 1999).
6. Program to Increase Understanding of Child Sexual Exploitation, Assessment Report, Volume II at 132-
33 (American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law 1994) [hereinafter Assessment Report].
7. Kenneth V. L anning, Cyber "Pedophiles": A Behavioral Perspective, in PROSECUTING INTERNET CHILD
EXPLOITATION CRIMES *\ 4.20 (James M. Peters ed., US Department of Justice, USABook in press) [hereinafter
Lanning, Cyber "Pedophiles"].
8. Mike Hames, A Police View of Pornographic Links, in ORGANIZED ABUSE: THE CURRENT DEBATE 200 (Peter C.
Bibby, ed., Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate 1996). Small sample sizes of some studies cannot be generalized to a
larger population, and no reliable estimates of the number of children affected exist. See Debra Whitcomb,
Edward De Vos & Barbara E. Smith, Program to Increase Understanding of Child Sexual Exploitation: Final
Report at 3 (Education Development Center, Inc. & ABA Center on Children and the Law 1998). Because
much of the literature is "based on the same (or related) research efforts by the same (or collaborating) authors,
the actual research base is even smaller. Many of these studies lack scientific rigor and are based on extremely
small sample sizes." Id.
9. For more information on the US Postal Inspection Service, see infra text accompanying note 458.
10. Child Exploitation Program Overview, United States Postal Inspection Service, Ray Smith, Postal
Inspector, July 20,2000.
11. Excerpt from Canadian Parliament: House Debates, Government Order: Allotted Day on Child Pornography,
36th Parliament, 1 st Session, Edited Hansand 1, No. 172, Feb. 2, 1999 (citing Mehta study, infra note
12).
12. Michael D. Mehta & Dwaine E. Plaza, Content Analysis of Pornographic Images Available on the
Internet, 13 THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 153-62 (1997) (original study presented October 1994) (web source:
www. queensu. ca/epu).
13. See infra text accompanying notes 110-12, discussing estimation by medical experts of a subject's age
in a visual depiction.
14. Mehta & Plaza, supra note 12.
15. World Congress, supra note 1, at 9.
16. Lanning, Cyber "Pedophiles,"supra note 7.
17. Child Exploitation Program Overview, United States Postal Inspection Service, Ray Smith, Postal
Inspector, July 20, 2000.
18. Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5.
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE- 123