Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

99. Belanger, Albert J. et al., Typology ofSexRings Exploiting Children, in CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND SEXRINGS
51-81 (Ann Wolbert Burgess & Marieanne Lindeqvist Clark eds., Lexington Books 1984); Burgess & Hartman,
supra note 75, at 248.
100. Belanger, supra note 99, at 51-81; Burgess & Hartman, supra note 75; Lanning, CHILD SEX RINGS,supra
note 77.
101. Id.
102. Id.
103. Id.
104. Attorney General's Final Report, supra note 61, at 405.
105. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith,supra note 8, at 4.
106. Personal communication from Lieutenant William Walsh, Dallas (Texas) Police Department (December
10,2000).
107. Assessment Report, supra note 6, at 141.
108. Id.
109. Id. at 139.
110. See infra text accompanying notes 354-56 (discussing statutory provisions allowing expert testimony
to determine age of subject in visual depictions).
111. Arlan L. Rosenbloom, MD & James Tanner, MD, Ph.D., Letter to the Editor, Misuse of Tanner Puberty
Stages to Estimate Chronological Age, 102(6) PEDIATRICS 1494 (1998); Tanner Staging and Pornography,
Letters to the Editor from Timothy J. Kutz, MD and Angela P. Giardino, with a response by Arlan L. Rosenbloom,
MD, 104(4) PEDIATRICS 996 (1999); Correspondence between James F. McLaughlin, Detective, Keene (New
Hampshire) Police Department, and Dr. Rosenbloom, Regional Task Force on Internet Crimes Against Children
for Northern New England (visited October 25, 2000) . See also MarciaE. Herman-Giddens, et al.,Secondary Sexual Characteristics andMenses
in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network, 99(4)
PEDIATRICS 505 (1997); W.R. Harlan, G.P. Grillo, et al., Secondary Sex Characteristics of Boys 12 to 17 Years of
Age: The U.S. Health Examination Survey, 95(2) J. PEDIATRICS 293 (1979).
112. Misuse of Tanner Puberty Stages, supra note 111.
113. See Eva J. Klain, Prostitution of Children and Child-Sex Tourism: An Analysis of Domestic and International
Responses (National Center for Missing & Exploited Children 1999).
114. Seventy percent of prostitutes in the Silbert and Pines study reported emotional abuse, 62 percent
physical abuse, and 60 percent sexual abuse. Mimi H. Silbert & Ay ala M. Pines, Entrance into Prostitution, 13
Youth & Society 471,479-80 (1982). Victimization occurred between the ages of 3 to 16, with the average age
of victimization at 10. Id. at 478-79.
115. Finkelhor et al., National Incidence Studies onMissing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children
in America (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1990). Previous studies by the US
Department ofHealth and Human Services estimated that 730,000 to 1.3 millionyouth ran away in 1984 and
projected that 500,000 of these were homeless. Les B. Whitbeck & Ronald L. Simons, Life on the Streets: The
Victimization of Runaway and Homeless Adolescents, 22 YOUTH & SOCIETY 108, 108 (1990).
116. National Incidence Studies onMissing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children in America II
(Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention forthcoming) (cited inSecond Comprehensive Study
of Missing Children, Office of Juvenile Delinquency and Prevention Bulletin, 2000).
117. R.L. Pierce, Child Pornography: A Hidden Dimension of Child Abuse, 8 CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT483-
93(1984).
118. See Klain, supra note 113, at 2 (discussing how at-risk youth may become involved in prostitution).
119. Assessment Report, supra note 6, at 142.
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE- 127