Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

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The Postal Inspection Service works closely with the US Department of Justice, the FBI, the US Customs Service, NCMEC, and other national and international law-enforcement agencies. Internet Crimes Against Children Program United States Department of Justice The Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) program, administered by the Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), encourages communities nationwide to develop regional, multijurisdictional, and multiagency responses to Internet crime against children. The ICAC task-force program seeks to enhance the national response by developing a state and local law-enforcement network composed of regional task forces. ICAC grants are used to ensure that investigators receive specialized training and sufficient technological resources to effectively combat Internet crime. Additionally ICAC task forces have been established to serve as sources of prevention, education, investigative experience, and technical assistance for parents, teachers, lawenforcement agencies, and other professionals. The objectives of the ICAC program include • developing or expanding multiagency, multijurisdictional task forces that include representatives from law enforcement, prosecution, victim services, and child protective services among others • ensuring investigative capacity by properly equipping and training ICAC task-force investigators • developing and maintaining case-management systems to document reported offenses and investigative results • developing response protocols or memoranda of understanding to foster collaboration, information sharing, and service integration among public and private organizations to protect sexually exploited children 459 In the two years since their inception the ICAC task forces have made more than 425 arrests and identified another 2,800 individuals needing investigation. 460 Establishing a baseline to determine whether investigations have increased over the years is difficult, however, because the task forces started at different times. In approximately 50 percent of the cases task-force members respond to a complaint from an individual or other law-enforcement agency. 461 There is a constantly growing demand that limits the task forces' ability to conduct proactive investigations such as undercover stings. In fact the task forces have examined more than 90 individual computers for evidence of crime, yet the demand for forensic examination is now so high and the capacity so limited that the average delay is between six weeks and six months. 462 The Department of Justice recently awarded 10 additional cities ICAC grants to create new task forces raising the total number of task forces nationwide to 30. 463 CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE - 45
Federal Bureau of Investigation: Crimes Against Children Unit, National Center for the Analysis | of Violent Crime, and Innocent Images The FBI has several programs and initiatives that address child sexual exploitation. For instance the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) provides advice and support in cases of crimes against children and reviews crime from both behavioral and investigative perspectives. NCAVC also conducts research from a law-enforcement perspective to gain insight into criminal thought processes, motivations, and behavior. 464 Sex-offender typologies and behavioral characteristics are a result of this research. The mission of the FBI's Crimes Against Children (CAC) Unit is to provide quick and effective responses to all incidents of sexual exploitation of children. The CAC program strategy focuses on multidisciplinary and multiagency resource teams to investigate and prosecute crimes against children; enhanced interagency sharing of intelligence information, specialized skills, and services; and increased provision of victim/witness assistance. Operation Innocent Images is another FBI initiative focusing on child sexual exploitation. Specifically Innocent Images targets individuals traveling across state lines to engage in sexual activity with children, produce or distribute child pornography online, or who post illegal images on the Internet and other online services. 465 Working at regional offices nationwide, task-force agents pose online as either children or other sexual predators to identify and gather information on individuals victimizing children. 466 Task-force agents enter Internet chat rooms frequented by children when they have reason to believe adults may be attempting to meet children for illegal sexual activity. They also look for child pornography on the web and respond to parental complaints. 467 Innocent Images staff members represent a variety of specially trained federal and local law-enforcement units. Approximately two-thirds of the agents are assigned from the FBI while the other one-third are agents assigned to the task force from their local law-enforcement agencies. These locally assigned agents are not FBI employees; however, their salaries are paid with Innocent Images funds. 468 The task force also works closely with the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children and the Child Sexual Exploitation Unit of the US Postal Inspection Service. In addition to its investigative work, Operation Innocent Images sponsors training and education programs for law-enforcement agencies at the national, state, and local levels. For example, in recent years, the task force has led such programs as regional conferences on online child pornography, national symposiums on Internet and online crime, and outreach to state and local prosecutors. It also maintains an active public-awareness campaign, talking to children and their parents about the dangers of the Internet. Online child pornography and sexual exploitation continue to be significant crimes confronting the FBI throughout the country and in other countries. From 1996 to 1999 the Innocent Images initiative caseload increased from 113 to 1,497 opened cases. 469In the past three years the number of field offices and staff involved in pursuing child pornography offenses has grown tenfold. The FBI anticipates continued increases in case numbers and resources devoted to address them. 470 46 - CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE
Page 1 and 2: Child Pornography: The Criminal-Jus
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments This publication wo
Page 5 and 6: Investigating Child Pornography Cas
Page 7 and 8: eing is the subject. With the help
Page 9 and 10: The Child Pornographer: Consumer, C
Page 11 and 12: professions and social classes. Des
Page 13 and 14: victims are being recruited, seduce
Page 15 and 16: coupled with extortion, can make re
Page 17 and 18: Legal Analysis How does the legal s
Page 19 and 20: the court ruled that the requiremen
Page 21 and 22: such as paintings, drawings, and sc
Page 23 and 24: Another area of legislative action
Page 25 and 26: For instance Section 2251 may apply
Page 27 and 28: Other Applicable Federal Statutes C
Page 29 and 30: For example federal sentencing guid
Page 31 and 32: State Law Every state and the Distr
Page 33 and 34: As demonstrated by Alaska's statute
Page 35 and 36: may only be prosecuted for a single
Page 37 and 38: Affirmative Defenses A number of st
Page 39 and 40: the state Court of Appeals has foun
Page 41 and 42: • member states must encourage us
Page 43 and 44: First World Congress Against Commer
Page 45 and 46: Seized child pornography may help g
Page 47 and 48: When the warrant is based on the su
Page 49: United States Customs Service Unite
Page 53 and 54: Sexual Assault Felony Enforcement T
Page 55 and 56: Child Sexual Exploitation Strike Fo
Page 57 and 58: Benefits of Law-Enforcement Network
Page 59 and 60: it seeks new ways to control the fl
Page 61 and 62: ecuting child-sexual-exploitation c
Page 63 and 64: Conduct Additional Research While a
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Endnotes 1. The Internet isaglobal
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48. Lanning, CHILD MOLESTERS, supra
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99. Belanger, Albert J. et al., Typ
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139. RONALD B. FLOWERS, CHILDREN AN
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207. See 18U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4) (19
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117, or under the laws of any State
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(a) Whoever knowingly persuades, in
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267. Id. 268. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 (b)
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pornography via Internet did not vi
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376. Sexual Abuse of Children, Chil
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424. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION
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473. Id. at 31. 474. Id. 475. Id. 4
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541. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note
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Fergusson, David M., L. John Horwoo
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McLeer, Susan V., et al., Psychopat
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Resources on the Topic of Child Por
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Enough is Enough (888) 2Enough (1.8
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Maryland Maryland State Police Atte
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National Center for Missing & Explo
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Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

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