Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

More documents

Recommendations

Info

120. "Pornography was our textbook." IN HARM'S WAY: THE PORNOGRAPHY CIVIL RIGHTS HEARINGS 114 (Catharine A. MacKinnon & Andrea Dworkin eds., Harvard University Press 1997). Margaret A. Baldwin, Pornography and the Traffic in Women: Brief on Behalf of Trudee Able-Peterson, et al. Amici Curiae in Support of Defendant and Intervenor-Defendants, Village Books v. CityofBellingham, 1 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 111,140(1989). 121. Evelina Giobbe, An Analysis of Individual, Institutional and Cultural Pimping, 1 MICH. J. GENDER & L. 33, 48 (1993). See also Evelina Giobbe, Juvenile Prostitution; Profile of Recruitment, in CHILD TRAUMA I: ISSUES AND RESEARCH at 124 (Ann Wolbert Burgess ed., New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1992). 122. Baldwin, supra note 120, at 128. See also Annette U. Rickel & Marie C. Hendren, Aberrant Sexual Experiences, in ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY at 151 (Gullatta, Adams & Montemayor eds., Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications 1993). 123. Personal communication from Sharon Cooper, MD, Developmental & Forensic Pediatrics, P.A., Fayetteville, North Carolina (December 2000). 124. M. Silbert & A. Pines, Pornography and Sexual Abuse of Women, 11/12 SEX ROLES 866 (1984)). 125. Id. 126. Id. 127. John B. Rabun, Jr., Combating Child Pornography and Prostitution: One County's Approach, in CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND SEX RINGS at 196 (Ann Wolbert Burgess & Marieanne Lindeqvist Clark, eds., Lexington Books 1984). The Task Force on Child Prostitution and Pornography was established in Jefferson County, Kentucky, to identify hidden victims, learn about the process of child exploitation, and develop a database for further program efforts. 128. Draft Declaration and Agenda for Action, World Congress Against Commercial Exploitation of Children at 2 Stockholm, Sweden (August 27-31, 1996) [hereinafter Draft Declaration]. 129. Id. ^6. 130. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 4. 131. CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND SEX RINGS (Ann Wolbert Burgess & Marieanne Lindeqvist Clark eds., Lexington Books 1984). 132. Bentovim & Bentovim, The Effects on Children and Their Families, in ORGANIZED ABUSE: THE CURRENT DEBATE60-62 (Peter C. Bibby ed., Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate 1996). 133. Jeanne McCauley, David E. Kern, Ken Kolodner, et al., Clinical Characteristics of Women with a History of Childhood Abuse: Unhealed Wounds, 277 J.A.M.A. 1362 (1997). 134. Heather Y. Swanston, Jennifer S. Tebbutt, Brian I. O'Toole & R. Kim Oates, Sexually Abused Children 5 Years After Presentation: A Case-Control Study, 100 PEDIATRICS 600, 603 (1997) (mean standardized selfesteem score for abused children was markedly lower than for the controls); Bentovim & Bentovim, supra note 132, at 60-62. 135. Bentovim & Bentovim, supra note 132, at 60-62; Burgess & Clark, supra note 131. See also AllisonE. Dubner & Robert W. Motta, Sexually and Physically Abused Foster Care Children and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, 67 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 367 (1999); Susan V. McLeer et al.,Psychopathology in Non- Clinically Referred Sexually Abused Children, 37 J. AM. ACAD. CHILD & ADOLESC. PSYCHIATRY 1326 (1998). 136. Bentovim & Bentovim, supra note 132, at 60-61; W. Watkins& A. Bentovim, The Sexual Abuse of Male Children and Adolescents: A Review of Recent Research, 33 J. CHILD PSYCHOLOGY & PSYCHIATRY 197 (1992). 137. FLOWERS, supra note 2, at 59. 138. Augustine Brannigan & Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, Youthful Prostitution and Child Sexual Trauma ,20 INT'L J. L. & PSYCHIATRY 337 (1997); David M. Fergusson, L. John Horwood & Michael T. Lynskey, Childhood Sexual Abuse, Adolescent Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Revictimization, 21 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 789, 800 (1997) ("those reporting severe [child sexual abuse] were characterized by significantly higher rates of early onset (consensual) sexual activity, higher rates of teenage pregnancy, increased rates of sexually transmitted diseases, higher rates of multiple sexual partnerships, and unprotected intercourse and also appeared to be more vulnerable to further sexual assault and rape"). See also FLOWERS, supra note 2, at 59. 128 - CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE
139. RONALD B. FLOWERS, CHILDREN AND CRIMINALITY: THE CHILD AS VICTIM AND PERPETRATOR 97 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1986). 140. Bentovim & Bentovim, supra note 132, at 60-62. 141. Id. 142. Burgess & Clark, supra note 131. 143. Id. 144. Id. 145. Lanning, Collectors, supra note 62, at 85. 146. Id. 147. P. Hunt & M. Baird, Children of Sex Rings, CHILD WELFARE 195, 202 (May-June 1990). 148. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith,supra note 8, at 16. 149. Ann W. Burgess, Carol R. Hartman, Maureen P. McCausland & Patricia Powers, Impact of Child Pornography and Sex Rings on Child Victims and Their Families, in CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND SEX RINGS at 120- 26 (Ann Wolbert Burgess & Marieanne Lindeqvist Clark eds., Lexington Books 1984). 150. Id. 151. Id. 152. Id. at 120-24. 153. Carl Goran Svedin & Kristina Back, Children WhoDon't Speak Out at 40-41 (RaddaBarnen (Swedish Save the Children) 1996). 154. Burgess, Hartman, McCausland & Powers, supra note 149, at 120-26. 155. Id. 156. Id. 157. Federal jurisdiction includes interstate or foreign commerce, conduct in any territory or possession of the United States with a nexus to interstate or foreign commerce, and other categories such as the special maritime jurisdiction of the United States. 158. Pub. L. No. 95-225,92 Stat. 7 (1977) (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251-2253). 159. See Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973). 160. People v. Ferber, 422 N.E.2d 523 (1981), rev'd, 458 U.S. 747 (1982). 161. 458 U.S. 747(1982). 162. 458U.S. at 764. 163. See Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973). 164. Pub. L. No. 98-292, §§ 3 & 4, 98 Stat. 204 (1984). 165. 636 F. Supp. 828 (S.D. Cal. 1986), aff'd sub. nom. United States v. Weigand, 812 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 856 (1987). 166. 32F.3d733(3dCir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1109(1995). 167. 32F.3dat832. 168. Id. 169. 32F.3d733(3dCir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1109(1995). 170. Pub. L. No. 99-628, § 2,100 Stat. 3510 (1986) (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. § 2251). 171. Pub. L. No. 100-690,§7512,102 Stat. 4181 (1988) (codified as amended at 18U.S.C. §§ 2251A-2252). 172. Pub. L. No. 100-690, § 7513,102 Stat. 4181 (1988) (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. § 2257). 173. 33F.3d78(D.C.C. 1994), rehearing denied, 47 F.3d 1215 (1995), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1158(1995). See also Connection Distributing Co. v. Reno, 154 F. 3d 281 (6th Cir. 1998) (Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act was narrowly tailored and did not violate First Amendment, did not act as unconstitutional prior restraint, and did not violate readers' free association rights). CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE- 129
Page 1 and 2:
Child Pornography: The Criminal-Jus
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgments This publication wo
Page 5 and 6:
Investigating Child Pornography Cas
Page 7 and 8:
eing is the subject. With the help
Page 9 and 10:
The Child Pornographer: Consumer, C
Page 11 and 12:
professions and social classes. Des
Page 13 and 14:
victims are being recruited, seduce
Page 15 and 16:
coupled with extortion, can make re
Page 17 and 18:
Legal Analysis How does the legal s
Page 19 and 20:
the court ruled that the requiremen
Page 21 and 22:
such as paintings, drawings, and sc
Page 23 and 24:
Another area of legislative action
Page 25 and 26:
For instance Section 2251 may apply
Page 27 and 28:
Other Applicable Federal Statutes C
Page 29 and 30:
For example federal sentencing guid
Page 31 and 32:
State Law Every state and the Distr
Page 33 and 34:
As demonstrated by Alaska's statute
Page 35 and 36:
may only be prosecuted for a single
Page 37 and 38:
Affirmative Defenses A number of st
Page 39 and 40:
the state Court of Appeals has foun
Page 41 and 42:
• member states must encourage us
Page 43 and 44:
First World Congress Against Commer
Page 45 and 46:
Seized child pornography may help g
Page 47 and 48:
When the warrant is based on the su
Page 49 and 50:
United States Customs Service Unite
Page 51 and 52:
Federal Bureau of Investigation: Cr
Page 53 and 54:
Sexual Assault Felony Enforcement T
Page 55 and 56:
Child Sexual Exploitation Strike Fo
Page 57 and 58:
Benefits of Law-Enforcement Network
Page 59 and 60:
it seeks new ways to control the fl
Page 61 and 62:
ecuting child-sexual-exploitation c
Page 63 and 64:
Conduct Additional Research While a
Page 127 and 128: Endnotes 1. The Internet isaglobal
Page 129 and 130: 48. Lanning, CHILD MOLESTERS, supra
Page 131: 99. Belanger, Albert J. et al., Typ
Page 135 and 136: 207. See 18U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4) (19
Page 137 and 138: 117, or under the laws of any State
Page 139 and 140: (a) Whoever knowingly persuades, in
Page 141 and 142: 267. Id. 268. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 (b)
Page 143 and 144: pornography via Internet did not vi
Page 145 and 146: 376. Sexual Abuse of Children, Chil
Page 147 and 148: 424. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION
Page 149 and 150: 473. Id. at 31. 474. Id. 475. Id. 4
Page 151 and 152: 541. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note
Page 153 and 154: Fergusson, David M., L. John Horwoo
Page 155 and 156: McLeer, Susan V., et al., Psychopat
Page 157 and 158: Resources on the Topic of Child Por
Page 159 and 160: Enough is Enough (888) 2Enough (1.8
Page 161 and 162: Maryland Maryland State Police Atte
Page 163 and 164: National Center for Missing & Explo
show all

Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?