Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

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512. Spotlight On: Fighting Child Pornography and Exploitation on the Internet, CHILDREN'S LEGAL RIGHTS JOURNAL 74-76 (Buffalo, NY: ABA Center on Children and the Law and Loyola University Chicago School of Law, in cooperation with the National Association of Counsel for Children, Summer 1999) [hereinafter Spotlight On]. 513. FORCED LABOR: THE PROSTITUTION OF CHILDREN, Appendix A: The International L aw Enforcement Response Against Child Sexual Exploitation at 87 (Jaffee & Rosen, eds., US Department of Labor 1996). 514. Rights of the Child, supra note 406, If 141. 515. Catherine Masters, New Zealand: Kit to Protect Children From NetAbusers, The New Zealand Herald (March 7, 2000). 516. Mark Henry, Hotline Addresses Concerns on Net's Downside, The Irish Times on the Web (December 17, 1999) . 517. INHOPEAssociation(visited September29,2000). 518. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Innocence in Danger! About Us (modified May 30, 2000) . 519. Id. 520. Id. Corporate partners in the United States include America Online, AT&T®, Lycos®, and Microsoft®. Government agencies in the United States supporting the group include the FBI, US Department of Justice, and Federal Trade Commission. Paul Festa, UN Group to Combat Online Child Porn, CNETNews.com (February 25, 2000) . 521. ECPAT International, What is ECPAT? (visited May 30, 2000) . 522. Id. 523. Id. 524. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 97. 525. Id. 526. Id. 527. Id. at 16, 40. 528. See Walsh, supra note 412, at CSE-Walsh-11 to -13. The process of disclosure may be slow or partial. Many victims may fear the offender's threats, fear that they will be punished for their conduct, or not want to see the offender punished. They may not want their contact with the offender to end because it might mean the end of the love, attention, gifts, financial support, or other privileges they have received. Id. See also Lanning & Farley, supra note 95, at 8-13; Svedin & Back, supra note 153, at 39. 529. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note 476, at 24. 530. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 42. 531. Assessment Report, supra note 6. 532. Id. 533. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 101. 534. Id. at 4. 535. See Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5. 536. Spotlight On, supra note 512, at 74. 537. DebraBaker, When Cyber Stalkers Walk,AMERICANBARASSOCIATION(ABA) JOURNAL 50-54, 51 (December 1999). 538. M.J.Zuckerman, Crackdown Stung by Short Sentences, USAToday,April 19,2000 . 539. Baker, supra note 537, at 54. 540. Id. at 51. 146 - CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE
541. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note 476, at 4. 542. Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5; Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note 476, at 38; Assessment Report, supra note 6; Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8; Burgess, Hartman, McCausland & Powers, supra note 149, at 120-26. 543. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note 476, at 46. 544. Id. 545. Id. 546. Id. 547. Personal communication from Sharon Cooper, MD, Developmental & Forensic Pediatrics, P.A., Fayetteville, North Carolina (December 2000). 548. Assessment Report, supra note 6. 549. Lanning, Cyber "Pedophiles, "supra note 7, *!\ 4.25. 550. Id. 551. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 101. 552. For a comprehensive guide on these issues, see the Department of Justice's portable guide Use of Computers in the Sexual Exploitation of Children. Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5. 553. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note 476, at 3-4. 554. Michelle Elliot, Images of Children in the Media: "Soft Kiddie Porn ", in PORNOGRAPHY: WOMEN, VIO- LENCE, & CIVIL LIBERTIES at 219 (Catherine Itzin ed., Oxford University Press 1992). 555. Id. 556. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 102. 557. Whitcomb & Eastin, supra note 476, at 13. 558. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 100. 559. Id. at 94. 560. Id. at 100. 561. Assessment Report, supra note 6, at 30. 562. Whitcomb, De Vos & Smith, supra note 8, at 102. 563. Id. at 102-03. References on the Topic of Child Pornography Adelman, Ronald W., The Constitutionality of Congressional Efforts to Ban Generated Child Pornography: A First Amendment Assessment ofS. 1237, 14 J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER & INFO. L. 483 (1996). Armagh, Daniel S., Nick L. Battaglia & Kenneth V. Lanning, Use of Computers in the Sexual Exploitation of Children, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Portable Guides to Investigating Child Abuse (US Department of Justice 1999). Baker, Debra, When Cyber Stalkers Walk, AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION (ABA) JOURNAL 50-54 (December 1999). Baldwin, Margaret A., Pornography and the Traffic in Women: Brief on Behalf of Trudee Able- Peterson, et al. Amici Curiae in Support of Defendant and Intervenor-Defendants, Village Books v. City of Bellingham, 1 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 111 (1989). Bentovim & Bentovim, The Effects on Children and Their Families, in ORGANIZED ABUSE: THE CURRENT DEBATE (Peter C. Bibby ed., Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate 1996). CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE- 147
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Child Pornography: The Criminal-Jus
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Acknowledgments This publication wo
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Investigating Child Pornography Cas
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eing is the subject. With the help
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The Child Pornographer: Consumer, C
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professions and social classes. Des
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victims are being recruited, seduce
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coupled with extortion, can make re
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Legal Analysis How does the legal s
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the court ruled that the requiremen
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such as paintings, drawings, and sc
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Another area of legislative action
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For instance Section 2251 may apply
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Other Applicable Federal Statutes C
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For example federal sentencing guid
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State Law Every state and the Distr
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As demonstrated by Alaska's statute
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may only be prosecuted for a single
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Affirmative Defenses A number of st
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the state Court of Appeals has foun
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• member states must encourage us
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First World Congress Against Commer
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Seized child pornography may help g
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When the warrant is based on the su
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United States Customs Service Unite
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Federal Bureau of Investigation: Cr
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Sexual Assault Felony Enforcement T
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Child Sexual Exploitation Strike Fo
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Benefits of Law-Enforcement Network
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it seeks new ways to control the fl
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ecuting child-sexual-exploitation c
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Conduct Additional Research While a
Page 127 and 128: Endnotes 1. The Internet isaglobal
Page 129 and 130: 48. Lanning, CHILD MOLESTERS, supra
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Page 133 and 134: 139. RONALD B. FLOWERS, CHILDREN AN
Page 135 and 136: 207. See 18U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4) (19
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Page 141 and 142: 267. Id. 268. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 (b)
Page 143 and 144: pornography via Internet did not vi
Page 145 and 146: 376. Sexual Abuse of Children, Chil
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Page 149: 473. Id. at 31. 474. Id. 475. Id. 4
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